Interfacing With a Mobile Telepresence Robot

ABSTRACT

A telepresence robot may include a drive system, a control system, an imaging system, and a mapping module. The mapping module may access a plan view map of an area and tags associated with the area. In various embodiments, each tag may include tag coordinates and tag information, which may include a tag annotation. A tag identification system may identify tags within a predetermined range of the current position and the control system may execute an action based on an identified tag whose tag information comprises a telepresence robot action modifier. The telepresence robot may rotate an upper portion independent from a lower portion. A remote terminal may allow an operator to control the telepresence robot using any combination of control methods, including by selecting a destination in a live video feed, by selecting a destination on a plan view map, or by using a joystick or other peripheral device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/546,711, filed Aug. 21, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/446,919, filed Mar. 1, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,399,223, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/620,051, filed Feb. 11, 2015, now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/360,590, filed Jan. 27, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,965,579, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional App. No. 61/437,433, filed Jan. 28, 2011, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. In addition, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0199108 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,535,793 are also incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to mobile telepresence robots.

BACKGROUND

A robot is generally an electro-mechanical machine guided by a computer or electronic programming. Telepresence robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of a telepresence robot that is in common use today is an automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is generally a telepresence robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses a vision system or lasers for navigation. Telepresence robots can be found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like home assistance.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the disclosure provides a telepresence robot system including a local terminal and a remote telepresence robot. The local terminal may include an electronic display, a processor, and a memory in communication with the processor, the memory comprising instructions executable by the processor. The executable instructions may be configured to cause the processor to retrieve at least a portion of a plan view map representative of robot-navigable areas of a robot operating surface; retrieve at least one of a plurality of tags, each of the plurality of tags comprising tag coordinates describing the relative location of the tag and tag information, which may include a tag annotation; receive a video feed from an imaging system of a remote telepresence robot; receive positioning information; display the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; display the plan view map with an indication of a current position of the telepresence robot on the plan view map; display a rendition of the tag annotation of the at least one tag on at least one of the plan view map and the video feed using the tag coordinates; and transmit one or more commands to the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a distortion (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system) between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; apply the distortion to the tag coordinates of the at least one tag to determine corresponding video coordinates and perspective data describing a location and perspective of the at least one tag relative to the video feed; and display a three-dimensional rendition of the tag annotation of the at least one tag overlaid on the video feed using the tag video coordinates.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the tag annotation may be dynamically re-rendered based on the current position of the remote telepresence robot and a perspective of the at least one tag relative to the video feed.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the tag annotation may be overlaid on the video feed with respect to an object detected in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the tag annotation may be overlaid along a wall detected in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the tag information of the at least one tag comprises a telepresence robot action modifier and the robot action modifier may be configured to provide execution instructions to a control system of the telepresence robot to execute a first action in response to the telepresence robot being within a predetermined range of the tag coordinates of the at least one tag.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to transmit the execution instruction to the control system of the telepresence robot when the telepresence robot is within a predetermined range of the tag coordinates of the at least one tag.

In some embodiments, the robot action modifier further comprises instructions regarding one of a time and a location on the plan view map that the control system of the telepresence robot should execute the first action.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a sequence of coordinates relative to the plan view map forming a path along which the remote telepresence robot has traveled; store the sequence of coordinates forming the path as a path tag comprising tag coordinates and tag information, which may include a tag annotation; retrieve the path tag when the remote telepresence robot arrives within a predetermined distance of the tag coordinates; and display a rendition of the tag annotation of the path tag on at least one of the plan view map and the video feed using the tag coordinates.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot system local terminal further comprises at least one user input device and the sequence of coordinates forming the path may be provided by the user input device.

In some embodiments, the sequence of coordinates forming the path may be provided by the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot system further comprises a communication system configured to facilitate communication between the telepresence robot system local terminal and the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the local terminal further comprises at least one user input device and the user input device may be configured to allow a user to provide an indication of a desired destination of the remote telepresence robot on at least one of the plan view map and the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; and the command transmitted to the remote telepresence robot comprises the desired destination.

In some embodiments, the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path may be based at least in part on tagging information associated with the at least one tag.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a sequence of coordinates relative to the plan view map to create a robot path between the current position of the remote telepresence robot and the desired destination of the remote telepresence robot and the command transmitted to the remote telepresence robot comprises the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to display the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path overlaid on the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a distortion (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system) between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; apply the distortion to the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path to determine corresponding video coordinates and perspective data describing a location and perspective of the sequence of coordinates relative to the video feed; and display a three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path overlaid on the video feed.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path may be overlaid on the video feed with respect to a floor detected in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a sequence of coordinates relative to the plan view map from a navigation system of the remote telepresence robot, the sequence of coordinates forming a robot path between the current position of the remote telepresence robot and a desired destination of the remote telepresence robot; and display the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path overlaid on the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a distortion (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system) between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; apply the distortion to the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path to determine corresponding video coordinates and perspective data describing the location and perspective of the sequence of coordinates relative to the video feed; and display a three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path overlaid on the video feed.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the robot path may be overlaid on the video feed with respect to a floor detected in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the tag information comprises information regarding one of: an availability of a wireless communication signal, a speed the remote telepresence robot should travel, a location of a point of interest, a location of a person, a location of a docking station, a location of a rest area, a location of a glass wall, a location of a ramp, a location of an object, an optimal route to navigate a tight area, an optimal rout to navigate a congested area, and an action a remote telepresence robot should execute.

In some embodiments, the tag information may relate to a position, a path, and/or a volume, and the control system may be configured to execute an action relative to the position, the path, and/or the volume.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive coordinates on the plan view map of an obstacle detected by a sensor system of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the plan view map and the plurality of tags are stored remotely.

In some embodiments, the plan view map and the plurality of tags are stored within the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a distortion (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system) between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; and generate a hybrid map view comprising a blended view of the plan view map and the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the hybrid map view comprises a three-dimensional representation of the plan view map overlaid on the video feed.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot system local terminal further comprises at least one user input device and the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a request via the at least one input device for a rendered look ahead for a virtual location of the remote telepresence robot on the plan view map; determine a distortion (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system) between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; and generate a virtual three-dimensional video feed based on a virtual location of the remote telepresence robot; and display the virtual three-dimensional video feed based on the virtual location of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the tag information of the at least one tag comprises a set of coordinates with respect to the plan view map defining a protected region, and the tag annotation of the at least one tag may be configured to indicate the presence of a protected region.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a request to create a new tag; associate tag coordinates describing a relative location of the new tag and tag information, which may include a tag annotation with the new tag; and display a rendition of the tag annotation of the new tag on at least one of the plan view map and the video feed using the tag coordinates.

In some embodiments, the request to create the new tag may be generated by the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the request to create the new tag may be automatically generated based on a detected object in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the new tag may be a temporary tag configured to expire once the detected object is no longer present in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the object may be a person and the tag information of the new tag comprises identification information associated with the person.

In some embodiments, the object may be a person and the tag information of the new tag comprises potential actions the remote telepresence robot can execute with respect to the person.

In some embodiments, the request to create the new tag may be generated by a user input device in communication with the telepresence robot system local terminal.

In some embodiments, the request to create the new tag is made with respect to the video feed.

In some embodiments, the request to create the new tag is made with respect to the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the request to create a new tag is made with respect to the current position of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the tag information comprises information regarding one of: an availability of a wireless communication signal, a speed the remote telepresence robot should travel, a location of a point of interest, a location of a person, a location of a docking station, a location of a rest area, a location of a glass wall, a location of a ramp, a location of an object, an optimal route to navigate a tight area, an optimal rout to navigate a congested area, and an action a remote telepresence robot should execute.

In other embodiments, a telepresence robot may communicate with a remote terminal. The telepresence robot may include a drive system configured to move the telepresence robot according to drive instructions; a control system in communication with the drive system, the control system configured to generate drive instructions to cause the drive system to move the telepresence robot; an imaging system in communication with the control system; a mapping module in communication with the control system, the mapping module configured to access a map data source, the map data source comprising a plan view map representative of robot-navigable areas of a robot operating surface; and a plurality of tags, each tag being a data structure comprising tag coordinates describing the relative location of the tag and tag information, which may include a tag annotation; a positioning system in communication with the control system configured to provide a current position with respect to the plan view map; a tag identification system configured to identify at least one tag relevant to a navigation path of the telepresence robot; and a communication system configured to facilitate communication between the control system and a remote terminal, and the control system may be configured to execute an action based on an identified tag whose tag information comprises a telepresence robot action modifier.

In some embodiments, the tagging information for the identified tag comprises instructions regarding one of a time and a location on the plan view map that the control system should execute the action.

In some embodiments, the control system may be configured to transmit a video feed from the imaging system to the remote terminal via the communication system and the control system may be configured to receive an indication of a desired destination on the plan view map from the remote terminal via the communication system.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot may further comprise: a plurality of sensors configured to identify obstacles in the vicinity of the telepresence robot and an obstacle avoidance system in communication with the plurality of sensors and in communication with the control system, where the control system may be further configured to generate additional drive instructions to avoid obstacles in the vicinity of the telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors comprises at least one of a proximity sensor, a contact sensor, an odometry sensor, and a three-dimensional image sensor.

In some embodiments, the plurality of sensors may comprise a three-dimensional image sensor that forms a point cloud, including a three-dimensional occupancy of obstacles, and the drive instructions may be configured to avoid the three-dimensional occupancy of the obstacles.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot may further comprise: a map generation system in communication with the control system, the map generation system configured to autonomously create the plan view map of the robot operating surface, where the control system generates drive instructions to cause the telepresence robot to move throughout the robot operating surface and obtain a plurality of measurements, and the map generation system uses the plurality of measurements to generate the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot may further comprise a navigation system configured to generate a navigation path comprising a sequence of coordinates from the current position on the plan view map to the desired destination on the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot may transmit coordinates relative to the plan view map of a detected obstacle to the remote terminal via the communication system.

In some embodiments, the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path may be based at least in part on tagging information associated with the identified tag.

In some embodiments, the navigation system is configured to generate the navigation path by selecting a navigation path from a plurality of potential navigation paths, and the tags relevant to the navigation path of the telepresence robot are associated with the plurality of potential navigation paths, and the navigation system is configured to select the navigation path based at least in part on the identified relevant tags.

In some embodiments, the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path is transmitted via the communication system to the remote terminal.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot may be configured to create a new tag using the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path, such that the new tag comprises the sequence of coordinates, tagging information related to the navigation path, and a tag annotation related to the navigation path.

In some embodiments, the tag information of each of the plurality of tags comprises information regarding one of: an availability of a wireless communication signal, a speed the remote telepresence robot should travel, a location of a point of interest, a location of a person, a location of a docking station, a location of a rest area, a location of a glass wall, a location of a ramp, a location of an object, an optimal route to navigate a tight area, an optimal rout to navigate a congested area, and an action a remote telepresence robot should execute.

In some embodiments, the control system may be further configured to receive a navigation path from the current position on the plan view map to the desired destination on the plan view map and the control system may be further configured to generate drive instructions to cause the drive system to move the telepresence robot to the desired destination based on the navigation path.

In some embodiments, the communication system may be configured to detect a disruption in communication between the telepresence robot and a remote terminal, wherein the control system may be further configured to continue to generate drive instructions to cause the telepresence robot to autonomously move to the desired destination during the disruption in communication.

In some embodiments, the map data source may be stored remotely, such that the mapping module may be configured to access the map data source via the communication system.

In some embodiments, the map data source may be stored within the telepresence robot, such that the mapping module may be configured to access an internal map data source.

In some embodiments, the internal map data source may be synced with a remotely stored map data source.

In some embodiments, the positioning system may be further configured to provide a robot pose relative to the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot may be configured to create a new tag by: associating tag coordinates describing the relative location of the new tag with respect to one of the plan view map and a video feed generated by the imaging system; associating tag information with the new tag; and associating a tag annotation with the new tag.

In some embodiments, the new tag may be created in response to the telepresence robot detecting an object in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the object may be a person and the tag information of the new tag comprises identification information associated with the person.

In some embodiments, the object may be a person and the tag information of the new tag comprises potential actions the remote telepresence robot can execute with respect to the person.

In some embodiments, the tag information comprises information regarding one of: an availability of a wireless communication signal, a speed the remote telepresence robot should travel, a location of a point of interest, a location of a person, a location of a docking station, a location of a rest area, a location of a glass wall, a location of a ramp, a location of an object, an optimal route to navigate a tight area, an optimal rout to navigate a congested area, and an action a remote telepresence robot should execute.

In some embodiments, the telepresence robot system may further comprise: an RFID reader in communication with the positioning system, where the positioning system associates a plurality of RFID chips with a corresponding plurality of coordinates on the plan view map, and the positioning system may be configured to determine the current position of the telepresence robot based at least in part on the location of one or more RFID chips within range of the RFID reader.

Various methods of control may be employed in the present systems and methods. For example, a telepresence robot system local terminal may comprise: an electronic display; a processor in communication with the electronic display interface; a memory in communication with the processor, the memory comprising instructions executable by the processor configured to cause the processor to: retrieve at least a portion of a plan view map representative of robot-navigable areas of a robot operating surface; receive a video feed from an imaging system of the remote telepresence robot at a first perspective; receive a current position from a positioning system of the remote telepresence robot with respect to a plan view map; display the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; display the plan view map with an indication of the current position of the telepresence robot on the plan view map; transmit a command to the remote telepresence robot; and a user input device in communication with the processor, the user input device configured to allow a user to select a movement for a remote telepresence robot, the selection of the movement comprising selecting a destination of the remote telepresence robot with respect to the video feed; with respect to the plan view map; and by incrementally advancing the remote telepresence robot in one of at least four possible directions relative to the current position of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the selection of the movement comprises selecting an alternative perspective of the video feed by selecting a point within the video feed. This mode would likely be used for intermediate distances to get to locations within view on the video feed.

In some embodiments, selection of the movement comprises selecting an alternative perspective of the video feed by selecting a point on the plan view map. This mode would likely be used for farther distances (e.g., down hallways, between rooms, etc.) to locations not within view on the video feed. In some embodiments, selection of the movement comprises using a joystick or meta joystick in manual control. This mode would likely be used for micro/finer adjustments, e.g., within a room in close proximity to humans/patients.

In some embodiments, the selection of the movement comprises selecting an alternative perspective of the video feed by incrementally panning or tilting the imaging system while the remote telepresence robot remains in the current position.

In some embodiments, wherein the selection of the movement may relate to rotating one of a lower portion of the remote telepresence robot and an upper portion of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, there will be a way to switch between modes, e.g. multi-modal user interface wherein one can select to control either head/imaging system movement or movement of the base/lower portion of the remote presence robot.

In some embodiments when control of head/imaging system movement is selected there may be options to select either position-based box-zoom head motion via mouse or velocity-based head motion via mouse.

In some embodiments when control of base/lower portion of the remote presence robot is selected there may be options to select from one of the following: (1) click-on-map, i.e. top down map view and click on target destination or select from destination list; (2) click-on-video, i.e. position-based control that enables click on location in the video and robot drives there; (3) joystick or meta joystick, e.g., mouse velocity-based control or arrows specifying forward, left, right, etc.

In some embodiments the functionality/information needed to be accessed by user at all times while robot base is moving includes: (1) remote view, i.e., where the robot is headed (view should be large enough to provide meaningful visual information for user to operate safely); (2) for supervisory control modes, potential need for override capability to cancel/abort operation as needed.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a selection of a destination of the remote robot from the user input device; determine a sequence of coordinates relative to the plan view map to create a navigation path between the current position of the remote telepresence robot and the selected destination of the remote telepresence robot; and transmit a command to the remote telepresence robot comprising the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to display the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path overlaid on the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to: determine a distortion between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system); apply the distortion to the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path to determine corresponding video coordinates and perspective data describing the location and perspective of the sequence of coordinates relative to the video feed; and display a three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path overlaid on the video feed.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path may be overlaid on the video feed with respect to a floor detected in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a selection of a destination of the remote robot from the user input device; transmit destination coordinates relative to the plan view map to the remote telepresence robot, the destination coordinates corresponding to the selected destination; receive a sequence of coordinates relative to the plan view map from a navigation system of the remote telepresence robot, the sequence of coordinates forming a navigation path between the current position of the remote telepresence robot and the desired destination of the remote telepresence robot; and display the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path overlaid on the plan view map.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a distortion between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system); apply the distortion to the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path to determine corresponding video coordinates and perspective data describing the location and perspective of the sequence of coordinates relative to the video feed; and display a three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path overlaid on the video feed.

In some embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the sequence of coordinates forming the navigation path may be overlaid on the video feed with respect to a floor detected in the video feed.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive coordinates on the plan view map of an obstacle detected by a sensor system of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the plan view map is stored remotely.

In some embodiments, the plan view map is stored within the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to determine a distortion between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system); and generate a hybrid map view comprising a blended view of the plan view map and the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, the hybrid map view comprises a three-dimensional representation of the plan view map overlaid on the video feed.

In some embodiments, the instructions executable by the processor are further configured to cause the processor to receive a request via the input device for a rendered look-ahead for a virtual location of the remote telepresence robot on the plan view map determine a distortion between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system); and generate a virtual three-dimensional video feed based on a virtual location of the remote telepresence robot; and display the virtual three-dimensional video feed based on the virtual location of the remote telepresence robot.

In some embodiments, a robot may be configured to unwind and/or to control an upper portion and a lower portion independently in order to appear human-like. For example, a telepresence robot may comprise: an upper portion; a lower portion rotatably connected to the upper portion; a drive system configured to move the telepresence robot according to drive instructions; a control system in communication with the drive system, the control system configured to generate drive instructions to cause the drive system to move the telepresence robot; a rotation system configured to rotate the robot from a first heading to a second heading by rotating the upper portion and the lower portion independently.

In some embodiments, the rotation system may be configured to rotate the robot toward a second heading by rotating the upper portion of the robot toward the second heading; detecting that the upper portion of the robot has reached a panning limit of the upper portion of the robot relative to the lower portion of the robot; begin rotating the lower portion of the robot toward the second heading at the panning limit of the upper portion of the robot; detect that the upper portion of the robot has reached the second heading; and continue rotating the lower portion of the robot toward the second heading while simultaneously counter-rotating the upper portion of the robot, such that the upper portion of the robot maintains the second heading.

In some embodiments, the panning limit may be reached when the upper portion cannot physically rotate anymore with respect to the lower portion of the robot.

In some embodiments, the panning limit may be reached when the upper portion is misaligned with respect to the lower portion a predefined number of rotation degrees.

In some embodiments, the panning limit may be a function of the number of degrees the upper portion is misaligned with respect to the lower portion and the length of time the upper portion has been misaligned with respect to the lower portion.

In some embodiments, the rotation system may be configured to rotate the robot toward a second heading by rotating the upper portion of the robot toward the second heading at a first rotational velocity; rotating the lower portion of the robot toward the second heading at a second rotation velocity; detect that the upper portion of the robot has reached the second heading; and continue rotating the lower portion of the robot toward the second heading while simultaneously counter-rotating the upper portion of the robot, such that the upper portion of the robot maintains the second heading.

In some embodiments the telepresence robot may further comprise an imaging system in communication with the control system and a positioning system in communication with the control system configured to provide a current position of the robot relative to a plan view map and a current alignment of the upper portion with respect to the plan view map, where the control system may be configured to transmit a video feed from the imaging system, the current position of the robot, and the current alignment of the upper portion to a remote terminal, such that the remote terminal can determine a distortion between the plan view map and the video feed received from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot (e.g., a coordinate transformation between a two-dimensional coordinate system and a three-dimensional coordinate system); apply the distortion to a tag having coordinates associated with the plan view map in order determine corresponding video coordinates and perspective data describing the location and perspective of the tag relative to the video feed; and display a three-dimensional rendition of the tag overlaid on the video feed using the video coordinates.

The above described embodiments are described from the perspective of a robot and/or a local terminal. It should be apparent to one of skill in the art that the embodiments described above could be implemented as systems, adapted as methods performed by a system, or embodied in a computer-readable medium that could be executed by a system. For example, a method for changing a heading of a robot may comprise transmitting a heading to a control system of a robot, the control system of the robot in communication with a drive system configured to move the robot according to drive instructions and rotating an upper portion of the robot toward the heading independently from the lower portion of the robot.

In some embodiments, a method for controlling a remote telepresence robot may comprise retrieving at least a portion of a plan view map representative of robot-navigable areas of a robot operating surface; retrieving at least one of a plurality of tags, each of the plurality of tags comprising tag coordinates describing the relative location of the tag and tag information; receiving a video feed from an imaging system of a remote telepresence robot; receiving positioning information associated with a current position of the remote telepresence robot; displaying, via an electronic display, the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; displaying, via the electronic display, a rendition of the tag information of the at least one tag on the video feed using the tag coordinates; and transmitting a command to the remote telepresence robot. A method for controlling a telepresence robot, comprising retrieving at least a portion of a plan view map; retrieving at least one of a plurality of tags, each tag being a data structure comprising tag coordinates describing the relative location of the tag and tag information; determining a current position relative to the plan view map; identifying at least one tag of the plurality of tags relevant to a navigation path of the telepresence robot; executing an action based on the identified tag whose tag information comprises a telepresence action modifier.

In some embodiments, a method for controlling a telepresence robot may comprise retrieving at least a portion of a plan view map representative of robot-navigable areas of a robot operating surface; receiving a video feed from an imaging system of the remote telepresence robot at a first perspective; receiving positioning data associated with a current position of the remote telepresence robot; displaying the video feed from the imaging system of the remote telepresence robot; and transmitting a command to the remote telepresence robot; and receiving a plurality of movement selections from a user input device movement, the movement selections made (1) with respect to the video feed; (2) with respect to the plan view map; and/or (3) by incrementally advancing the remote telepresence robot in a direction relative to the current position of the remote telepresence robot.

The details of one or more implementations of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other aspects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary telepresence robot.

FIG. 2 is an elevated perspective view of an exemplary telepresence robot.

FIGS. 3A-3C are schematic views of exemplary telepresence robots.

FIG. 4A is a front perspective view of an exemplary base for a mobile human interface robot.

FIG. 4B is a rear perspective view of the base shown in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4C is a top view of the base shown in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4D is a top schematic view of an exemplary base for a telepresence robot.

FIG. 4E is a bottom perspective view of an exemplary drive system for a telepresence robot.

FIG. 4F is a top perspective view of the drive system shown in FIG. 4E.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an exemplary control system executed by a controller of a telepresence robot.

FIG. 6A provides a schematic view of an exemplary robot system including multiple robots in communication with robot endpoint servers.

FIG. 6B illustrates a teleoperation software application executed by a robot or a terminal.

FIG. 6C illustrates one embodiment of a screen shot of a user interface for controlling navigation of a semi-autonomous telepresence robot.

FIG. 6D illustrates a screen shot, in which the relative area of the screen devoted to the map window is increased.

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an exemplary robot system architecture.

FIG. 8A is a schematic view of an exemplary occupancy map.

FIG. 8B is a schematic view of a telepresence robot having a field of view of a scene in a working area.

FIG. 8C is a schematic view of an exemplary layout map.

FIG. 8D is a schematic view of an exemplary robot map corresponding to the layout map shown in FIG. 8C.

FIG. 8E provides an exemplary arrangement of operations for operating a telepresence robot to navigate about an environment using a layout map and a robot map.

FIG. 8F illustrates a method for using a robot location and perspective to determine a distortion between a video feed and a plan view map.

FIG. 9A is schematic view of an exemplary remote video view from a robot positioned in a hallway.

FIG. 9B is a schematic view of an exemplary hybrid map incorporating the remote video view shown in FIG. 9A, together with a map indicating room numbers.

FIG. 10A provides an exemplary remote view of a remote video window of a telepresence software application.

FIG. 10B is a schematic view of an exemplary map of the area shown by the remove view of FIG. 10A.

FIG. 10C is a schematic view of an exemplary look-ahead view of a telepresence software application.

FIG. 10D is a schematic view of the map shown in FIG. 10B with a robot icon and a corresponding camera field of view.

FIG. 10E is a schematic view of an exemplary look-ahead view of a telepresence software application.

FIG. 10F is a schematic view of the map shown in FIG. 10B with a robot icon and a corresponding camera field of view.

FIG. 10G provides an exemplary arrangement of operations for a look-ahead routine of a telepresence software application.

FIG. 11A is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface that allows a user to specify a robot destination within an identified navigable area.

FIG. 11B provides an exemplary arrangement of operations for a method of navigating a robot to a destination.

FIG. 11C is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface prompting a user that a ramp was selected as a robot destination.

FIG. 11D is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface prompting a user that an obstacle was selected as a robot destination.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface that allows a user to specify a robot drive path within an identified navigable area.

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface that incorporates hyper-tags and context sensitive commands.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an exemplary telepresence robot maintaining a sensor field of view on a person.

FIG. 15A is a schematic view of an exemplary three-dimensional map view that includes hyper-tags.

FIG. 15B is a schematic view of an exemplary two-dimensional map view that include hyper-tags.

FIG. 16A is a schematic view of an exemplary robot system.

FIG. 16B is a schematic view of exemplary interactions with a map data source.

FIG. 16C is a schematic view of exemplary interactions between a robot control system and a map data source.

FIG. 16D is a schematic view of an exemplary robot system.

FIG. 17 is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface that includes an augmented overlay corresponding to a telepresence robot.

FIG. 18 is a schematic view of an exemplary sequence of robot actions.

FIG. 19 is a schematic view of an exemplary user interface having a screen indicator overlaid on a remote video feed received from a telepresence robot.

FIGS. 20A-20C provide an exemplary arrangement of operations for recovering from a loss of robot communications.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Telepresence robots can interact or interface with humans to provide a number of services, such as a physician or healthcare worker providing remote medical consultation, home assistance, commercial assistance, and more. In the example of home assistance, a telepresence robot can assist elderly people with everyday tasks, including, but not limited to, maintaining a medication regime, mobility assistance, communication assistance (e.g., video conferencing, telecommunications, Internet access, etc.), home or site monitoring (inside and/or outside), person monitoring, and/or providing a personal emergency response system (PERS). For commercial assistance, the telepresence robot can provide videoconferencing (e.g., in a hospital setting), a point of sale terminal, an interactive information/marketing terminal, etc.

Referring to FIGS. 1-3B, in some implementations, a telepresence robot 100 includes a robot body 110 (or chassis) that defines a forward drive direction F. The robot 100 also includes a drive system 200 (FIG. 4D), an interfacing module 300, and a sensor system 400, each supported by the robot body 110 and in communication with a controller 500 (FIG. 5) that coordinates operation and movement of the robot 100. A power source 105 (e.g., battery or batteries) can be carried by the robot body 110 and in electrical communication with, and deliver power to, each of these components, as necessary.

The robot body 110, in the examples shown, includes a base 120, at least one leg 130 extending upwardly from the base 120, and a torso 140 supported by the at least one leg 130. The base 120 may support the drive system 200. The robot body (lower portion) 110 also includes a neck 150 supported by the torso 140. The neck 150 supports a head (upper portion) 160, which supports at least a portion of the interfacing module 300. The base 120 includes enough weight (e.g., by supporting the power source 105 (batteries) to maintain a low center of gravity CG_(B) of the base 120 and a low overall center of gravity CG_(R) of the robot 100 for maintaining mechanical stability.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4A-4C, in some implementations, the base 120 defines a trilaterally symmetric shape (e.g., a triangular shape from the top view). For example, the base 120 may include a base chassis 122 that supports a base body 124 having first, second, and third base body portions 124 a, 124 b, 124 c corresponding to each leg of the trilaterally shaped base 120 (see e.g., FIG. 4A). Each base body portion 124 a, 124 b, 124 c can be movably supported by the base chassis 122 so as to move independently with respect to the base chassis 122 in response to contact with an object. The trilaterally symmetric shape of the base 120 allows bump detection 360° around the robot 100. Each base body portion 124 a, 124 b, 124 c can have an associated contact sensor (e.g., capacitive sensor, read switch, etc.) that detects movement of the corresponding base body portion 124 a, 124 b, 124 c with respect to the base chassis 122.

In some implementations, the drive system 200 provides omni-directional and/or holonomic motion control of the robot 100. As used herein the term “omni-directional” refers to the ability to move in substantially any planar direction, i.e., side-to-side (lateral), forward/back, and rotational. These directions are generally referred to herein as x, y, and θz, respectively. Furthermore, the term “holonomic” is used in a manner substantially consistent with the literature use of the term and refers to the ability to move in a planar direction with three planar degrees of freedom, i.e., two translations and one rotation. Hence, a holonomic robot has the ability to move in a planar direction at a velocity made up of substantially any proportion of the three planar velocities (lateral, forward/back, and rotational), as well as the ability to change these proportions in a substantially continuous manner.

The robot 100 can operate in human environments (e.g., environments typically designed for bipedal, walking occupants) using wheeled mobility. In some implementations, the drive system 200 includes first, second, and third drive wheels 210 a, 210 b, 210 c equally spaced (i.e., trilaterally symmetric) about the vertical axis Z (e.g., 120 degrees apart); however, other arrangements are possible as well. Referring to FIG. 4D, the drive wheels 210 a, 210 b, 210 c may define a transverse arcuate rolling surface (i.e., a curved profile in a direction transverse or perpendicular to the rolling direction D_(R)), which may aid maneuverability of the holonomic drive system 200. Each drive wheel 210 a, 210 b, 210 c is coupled to a respective drive motor 220 a, 220 b, 220 c that can drive the drive wheel 210 a, 210 b, 210 c in forward and/or reverse directions independently of the other drive motors 220 a, 220 b, 220 c. Each drive motor 220 a-c can have a respective encoder, which provides wheel rotation feedback to the controller 500. In some examples, each drive wheel 210 a, 210 b, 210 c is mounted on or near one of the three points of an equilateral triangle and has a drive direction (forward and reverse directions) that is perpendicular to an angle bisector of the respective triangle end. Driving the trilaterally symmetric holonomic base 120 with a forward driving direction F allows the robot 100 to transition into non-forward drive directions for autonomous escape from confinement or clutter and then rotate and/or translate to drive along the forward drive direction F after the escape has been resolved.

Referring to FIGS. 4E and 4F, in some implementations, the drive system 200 includes first, second, third, and fourth drive wheels 210 a-d arranged in a square or rectangular configuration (e.g., equidistantly from the Z axis) from a top view. The drive system 200 may operate in a holonomic manner, allowing strafing. Each drive wheel 210 a-d is coupled to a respective drive motor 220 a-d that can drive the drive wheel 210 a-d in forward and/or reverse directions independently of the other drive motors 220 a-d. Each drive motor 220 a-d can have a respective encoder, which provides wheel rotation feedback to the controller 500. A base chassis 122 supports the drive motors 220 a-d and the correspondingly coupled drive wheels 210 a-d.

In some examples, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the first drive wheel 210 a is arranged as a leading drive wheel along the forward drive direction F with the remaining two drive wheels 210 b, 210 c trailing behind. In this arrangement, to drive forward, the controller 500 may issue a drive command that causes the second and third drive wheels 210 b, 210 c to drive in a forward rolling direction at an equal rate while the first drive wheel 210 a slips along the forward drive direction F. Moreover, this drive wheel arrangement allows the robot 100 to stop short (e.g., incur a rapid negative acceleration against the forward drive direction F). This is due to the natural dynamic instability of the three-wheeled design. If the forward drive direction F were along an angle bisector between two forward drive wheels, stopping short would create a torque that would force the robot 100 to fall, pivoting over its two “front” wheels. Instead, traveling with one drive wheel 210 a forward naturally supports or prevents the robot 100 from toppling over forward, if there is need to come to a quick stop. When accelerating from a stop, however, the controller 500 may take into account a moment of inertia I of the robot 100 from its overall center of gravity CG_(R).

In some implementations of the drive system 200, each drive wheel 210 a, 210 b, 210 has a rolling direction D_(R) radially aligned with a vertical axis Z, which is orthogonal to X and Y axes of the robot 100. The first drive wheel 210 a can be arranged as a leading drive wheel along the forward drive direction F with the remaining two drive wheels 210 b, 210 c trailing behind. In this arrangement, to drive forward, the controller 500 may issue a drive command that causes the first drive wheel 210 a to drive in a forward rolling direction and the second and third drive wheels 210 b, 210 c to drive at an equal rate as the first drive wheel 210 a, but in a reverse direction.

In other implementations, the drive system 200 can be arranged to have the first and second drive wheels 210 a, 210 b positioned such that an angle bisector of an angle between the two drive wheels 210 a, 210 b is aligned with the forward drive direction F of the robot 100. In this arrangement, to drive forward, the controller 500 may issue a drive command that causes the first and second drive wheels 210 a, 210 b to drive in a forward rolling direction and an equal rate, while the third drive wheel 210 c drives in a reverse direction or remains idle and is dragged behind the first and second drive wheels 210 a, 210 b. To turn left or right while driving forward, the controller 500 may issue a command that causes the corresponding first or second drive wheel 210 a, 210 b to drive at a relatively quicker/slower rate. Other drive system arrangements can be used as well. The drive wheels 210 a, 210 b, 210 c may define a cylindrical, circular, elliptical, or polygonal profile.

Referring again to FIGS. 1-3B, the base 120 supports at least one leg 130 extending upward in the Z direction from the base 120. The leg(s) 130 may be configured to have a variable height for raising and lowering the torso 140 with respect to the base 120. In some implementations, each leg 130 includes first and second leg portions 132, 134 that move with respect to each other (e.g., telescopic, linear, and/or angular movement). Rather than having extrusions of successively smaller diameter telescopically moving in and out of each other and out of a relatively larger base extrusion, the second leg portion 134, in the examples shown, moves telescopically over the first leg portion 132, thus allowing other components to be placed along the second leg portion 134 and potentially move with the second leg portion 134 to a relatively close proximity of the base 120. The leg 130 may include an actuator assembly for moving the second leg portion 134 with respect to the first leg portion 132. The actuator assembly 136 may include a motor driver in communication with a lift motor and an encoder, which provides position feedback to the controller.

Generally, telescopic arrangements include successively smaller diameter extrusions telescopically moving up and out of relatively larger extrusions at the base 120 in order to keep a center of gravity CG_(L) of the entire leg 130 as low as possible. Moreover, stronger and/or larger components can be placed at the bottom to deal with the greater torques experienced at the base 120 when the leg 130 is fully extended. This approach, however, offers two problems. First, when the relatively smaller components are placed at the top of the leg 130, any rain, dust, or other particulate tends to run or fall down the extrusions, infiltrating a space between the extrusions, thus obstructing nesting of the extrusions. This creates a very difficult sealing problem while still trying to maintain full mobility/articulation of the leg 130. Second, it may be desirable to mount payloads or accessories on the robot 100. One common place to mount accessories is at the top of the torso 140. If the second leg portion 134 moves telescopically in and out of the first leg portion, accessories and components could only be mounted above the entire second leg portion 134, if they need to move with the torso 140. Otherwise, any components mounted on the second leg portion 134 would limit the telescopic movement of the leg 130.

By having the second leg portion 134 move telescopically over the first leg portion 132, the second leg portion 134 provides additional payload attachment points that can move vertically with respect to the base 120. This type of arrangement causes water or airborne particulate to run down the torso 140 on the outside of every leg portion 132, 134 (e.g., extrusion) without entering a space between the leg portions 132, 134. This greatly simplifies sealing any joints of the leg 130. Moreover, payload/accessory mounting features of the torso 140 and/or second leg portion 134 are always exposed and available no matter how the leg 130 is extended.

Referring to FIG. 2, the leg 130 supports the torso 140, which may have a shoulder 142 extending over and above the base 120. In the example shown, the torso 140 has a downward facing or bottom surface 144 (e.g., toward the base) forming at least part of the shoulder 142 and an opposite upward facing or top surface 146 (FIG. 3A), with a side surface 148 extending therebetween. The torso 140 may define various shapes or geometries, such as a circular or an elliptical shape having a central portion 141 supported by the leg(s) 130 and a peripheral free portion 143 that extends laterally beyond a lateral extent of the leg(s) 130, thus providing an overhanging portion that defines the downward facing surface 144. In some examples, the torso 140 defines a polygonal or other complex shape that defines a shoulder, which provides an overhanging portion that extends beyond the leg(s) 130 over the base 120.

The robot 100 may include one or more accessory ports 170 (e.g., mechanical and/or electrical interconnect points) for receiving payloads. The accessory ports 170 can be located so that received payloads do not occlude or obstruct sensors of the sensor system 400 (e.g., on the bottom and/or top surfaces 144, 146 of the torso 140, etc.).

An external surface of the torso 140 may be sensitive to contact or touching by a user, so as to receive touch commands from the user. For example, when the user touches the top surface 146 of the torso 140, the robot 100 responds by lowering a height of the torso with respect to the floor (e.g., by decreasing the height of the leg(s) 130 supporting the torso 140). Similarly, when the user touches the bottom surface 144 of the torso 140, the robot 100 responds by raising the torso 140 with respect to the floor (e.g., by increasing the height of the leg(s) 130 supporting the torso 140). Moreover, upon receiving a user touch on forward, rearward, right or left portions of side surface 148 of the torso 140, the robot 100 responds by moving in a corresponding direction of the received touch command (e.g., rearward, forward, left, and right, respectively). The external surface(s) of the torso 140 may include a capacitive sensor in communication with the controller that detects user contact.

Referring again to FIGS. 1-3B, the torso 140 supports the neck 150, which provides panning and tilting of the head 160 with respect to the torso 140. In the examples shown, the neck 150 includes a rotator 152 and a tilter 154. The rotator 152 may provide a range of angular movement □_(R) (e.g., about the Z axis) of between about 90° and about 360°. Other ranges are possible as well. Moreover, in some examples, the rotator 152 includes electrical connectors or contacts that allow continuous 360° rotation of the head 160 with respect to the torso 140 in an unlimited number of rotations while maintaining electrical communication between the head 160 and the remainder of the robot 100. The tilter 154 may include the same or similar electrical connectors or contacts allow rotation of the head 160 with respect to the torso 140 while maintaining electrical communication between the head 160 and the remainder of the robot 100. The rotator 152 may include a rotator motor coupled to or engaging a ring (e.g., a toothed ring rack). The tilter 154 may move the head at an angle □_(T) (e.g., about the Y axis) with respect to the torso 140 independently of the rotator 152. In some examples that tilter 154 includes a tilter motor, which moves the head 160 between an angle □_(T) of ±90° with respect to Z axis. Other ranges are possible as well, such as ±45°, etc. The robot 100 may be configured so that the leg(s) 130, the torso 140, the neck 150, and the head 160 stay within a perimeter of the base 120 for maintaining stable mobility of the robot 100.

The head 160 may be sensitive to contact or touching by a user, so as to receive touch commands from the user. For example, when the user pulls the head 160 forward, the head 160 tilts forward with passive resistance and then holds the position. Moreover, if the user pushes/pulls the head 160 vertically downward, the torso 140 may lower (via a reduction in length of the leg 130) the head 160. The head 160 and/or neck 150 may include strain gauges and/or contact sensors 165 that sense user contact or manipulation.

In some implementations, the head 160 supports one or more portions of the interfacing module 300. The head 160 may include a dock 302 for releasably receiving one or more computing tablets 310, also referred to as a web pad or a tablet PC, each of which may have a touch screen 312. The web pad 310 may be oriented forward, rearward or upward. In some implementations, web pad 310 includes a touch screen, optional I/O (e.g., buttons and/or connectors, such as micro-USB, etc.) a processor, and memory in communication with the processor. An exemplary web pad 310 includes the Apple iPad by Apple, Inc. In some examples, the web pad 310 functions as the controller 500 or assist the controller 500 in controlling the robot 100. The touch screen may detect, monitor, and/or reproduce points of user touching thereon for receiving user inputs and providing a graphical user interface that is touch interactive. In some examples, the web pad 310 includes a touch screen caller that allows the user to find it when it has been removed from the robot 100.

The interfacing module 300 may include a camera 320 disposed on the head 160 (see e.g., FIG. 3A), which can be used to capture video from an elevated vantage point of the head 160 (e.g., for videoconferencing). In the example shown in FIG. 2, the camera 320 is disposed on the neck 150. In some examples, the camera 320 is operated only when the web pad 310 is detached or undocked from the head 160. When the web pad 310 is attached or docked on the head 160 in the dock 302 (and optionally covering the camera 320), the robot 100 may use a camera of the web pad 310 for capturing video. In such instances, the camera 320 may be disposed behind the docked web pad 310 and enter an active state when the web pad 310 is detached or undocked from the head 160 and an inactive state when the web pad 310 is attached or docked on the head 160.

The robot 100 can provide videoconferencing (e.g., at 24 fps or higher) through the interface module 300 (e.g., using a web pad 310, the camera 320, the microphones 330, and/or the speakers 340). The videoconferencing can be multiparty. The robot 100 can provide eye contact between both parties of the videoconferencing by maneuvering the head 160 to face the user. Moreover, the robot 100 can have a gaze angle of <5° (e.g., an angle away from an axis normal to the forward face of the head 160). At least one three-dimensional image sensor 450 and/or the camera 320 on the robot 100 can capture life-size images including body language. The controller 500 can synchronize audio and video (e.g., with a difference of <50 ms). The camera 320 may be movable within at least 1° of freedom separately from the web pad 310. The head 160 may include one or more speakers 340 so as to have sound emanate from the head 160 near the web pad 310 displaying the videoconferencing.

The interfacing module 300 may include a microphone 330 (or micro-phone array) for receiving sound inputs and one or more speakers 340 disposed on the robot body 110 for delivering sound outputs.

Referring to FIGS. 1-3C, to achieve reliable and robust autonomous movement, the sensor system 400 may include several different types of sensors which can be used in conjunction with one another to create a perception of the robot's environment sufficient to allow the robot 100 to make intelligent decisions about actions to take in that environment. The sensor system 400 may include one or more types of sensors supported by the robot body 110, which may include obstacle detection obstacle avoidance (ODOA) sensors, communication sensors, navigation sensors, etc. For example, these sensors may include, but are not limited to, proximity sensors, contact sensors, three-dimensional imaging/depth map sensors, a camera (e.g., visible light and/or infrared camera), sonar, radar, Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR), which can entail optical remote sensing that measures properties of scattered light to find range and/or other information of a distant target), Laser Detection and Ranging (LADAR), etc. In some implementations, the sensor system 400 includes ranging sonar sensors 410 (e.g., nine about a perimeter of the base 120), proximity cliff detectors 420, contact sensors 430 (FIG. 4A), a laser scanner 440, one or more three-dimensional imaging/depth sensors 450, and an imaging sonar 460.

In some implementations, the sensor system 400 includes a set or an array of proximity sensors 410, 420 in communication with the controller 500 and arranged in one or more zones or portions of the robot 100 (e.g., disposed on or near the base body portion 124 a, 124 b, 124 c of the robot body 110) for detecting any nearby or intruding obstacles. The proximity sensors 410, 420 may be converging infrared (IR) emitter-sensor elements, sonar sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and/or imaging sensors (e.g., 3D depth map image sensors) that provide a signal to the controller 500 when an object is within a given range of the robot 100.

In the example shown in FIGS. 4A-4C, the robot 100 includes an array of sonar-type proximity sensors 410 disposed (e.g., substantially equidistant) around the base 124 of body 120 and arranged with an upward field of view. First, second, and third sonar proximity sensors 410 a, 410 b, 410 c are disposed on or near the first (forward) base body portion 124 a, with at least one of the sonar proximity sensors near a radially outermost edge 125 a of the first base 124 a of body 120. Fourth, fifth, and sixth sonar proximity sensors 410 d, 410 e, 410 f are disposed on or near the second (right) base body portion 124 b, with at least one of the sonar proximity sensors near a radially outermost edge 125 b of the second base 124 b of body 120. Seventh, eighth, and ninth sonar proximity sensors 410 g, 410 h, 410 i are disposed on or near the third (left) base body portion 124 c, with at least one of the sonar proximity sensors near a radially outermost edge 125 c of the third base 124 c of body 120. This configuration provides at least three zones of detection.

In some examples, the set of sonar proximity sensors 410 (e.g., 410 a-410 i) disposed around the base 124 of body 120 are arranged to point upward (e.g., substantially in the Z direction) and optionally angled outward away from the Z axis, thus creating a detection curtain 412 around the robot 100. Each sonar proximity sensor 410 a-410 i may have a shroud or emission guide 414 that guides the sonar emission upward or at least not toward the other portions of the robot body 110 (e.g., so as not to detect movement of the robot body 110 with respect to itself). The emission guide 414 may define a shell or half-shell shape. In the example shown, the base 124 of body 120 extends laterally beyond the leg 130, and the sonar proximity sensors 410 (e.g., 410 a-410 i) are disposed on the base 124 of body 120 (e.g., substantially along a perimeter of the base 124 of body 120) around the leg 130. Moreover, the upward pointing sonar proximity sensors 410 are spaced to create a continuous or substantially continuous sonar detection curtain 412 around the leg 130. The sonar detection curtain 412 can be used to detect obstacles having elevated lateral protruding portions, such as table tops, shelves, etc.

The upward looking sonar proximity sensors 410 provide the ability to see objects that are primarily in the horizontal plane, such as table tops. These objects, due to their aspect ratio, may be missed by other sensors of the sensor system, such as the laser scanner 440 or imaging sensors 450, and as such, can pose a problem to the robot 100. The upward viewing sonar proximity sensors 410 arranged around the perimeter of the base 120 provide a means for seeing or detecting those type of objects/obstacles. Moreover, the sonar proximity sensors 410 can be placed around the widest points of the base perimeter and angled slightly outwards, so as not to be occluded or obstructed by the torso 140 or head 160 of the robot 100, thus not resulting in false positives for sensing portions of the robot 100 itself. In some implementations, the sonar proximity sensors 410 are arranged (upward and outward) to leave a volume about the torso 140 outside of a field of view of the sonar proximity sensors 410 and thus free to receive mounted payloads or accessories, such as the basket 360. The sonar proximity sensors 410 can be recessed into the base body 124 to provide visual concealment and no external features to snag on or hit obstacles.

The sensor system 400 may include one or more sonar proximity sensors 410 (e.g., a rear proximity sensor 410 j) directed rearward (e.g., opposite to the forward drive direction F) for detecting obstacles while backing up. The rear sonar proximity sensor 410 j may include an emission guide 414 to direct its sonar detection field 412. Moreover, the rear sonar proximity sensor 410 j can be used for ranging to determine a distance between the robot 100 and a detected object in the field of view of the rear sonar proximity sensor 410 j (e.g., as “back-up alert”). In some examples, the rear sonar proximity sensor 410 j is mounted recessed within the base 124 of body 120 so as not to provide any visual or functional irregularity in the housing form.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4B, in some implementations, the robot 100 includes cliff proximity sensors 420 arranged near or about the drive wheels 210 a, 210 b, 210 c, so as to allow cliff detection before the drive wheels 210 a, 210 b, 210 c encounter a cliff (e.g., stairs). For example, a cliff proximity sensors 420 can be located at or near each of the radially outermost edges 125 a-c of the base bodies 124 a-c and in locations therebetween. In some cases, cliff sensing is implemented using infrared (IR) proximity or actual range sensing, using an infrared emitter 422 and an infrared detector 424 angled toward each other so as to have overlapping emission and detection fields, and hence a detection zone, at a location where a floor should be expected. IR proximity sensing can have a relatively narrow field of view, may depend on surface albedo for reliability, and can have varying range accuracy from surface to surface. As a result, multiple discrete sensors can be placed about the perimeter of the robot 100 to adequately detect cliffs from multiple points on the robot 100. Moreover, IR proximity based sensors typically cannot discriminate between a cliff and a safe event, such as just after the robot 100 climbs a threshold.

The cliff proximity sensors 420 can detect when the robot 100 has encountered a falling edge of the floor, such as when it encounters a set of stairs. The controller 500 (executing a control system) may execute behaviors that cause the robot 100 to take an action, such as changing its direction of travel, when an edge is detected. In some implementations, the sensor system 400 includes one or more secondary cliff sensors (e.g., other sensors configured for cliff sensing and optionally other types of sensing). The cliff detecting proximity sensors 420 can be arranged to provide early detection of cliffs, provide data for discriminating between actual cliffs and safe events (such as climbing over thresholds), and be positioned down and out so that their field of view includes at least part of the robot body 110 and an area away from the robot body 110. In some implementations, the controller 500 executes cliff detection routine that identifies and detects an edge of the supporting work surface (e.g., floor), an increase in distance past the edge of the work surface, and/or an increase in distance between the robot body 110 and the work surface. This implementation allows: 1) early detection of potential cliffs (which may allow faster mobility speeds in unknown environments); 2) increased reliability of autonomous mobility since the controller 500 receives cliff imaging information from the cliff detecting proximity sensors 420 to know if a cliff event is truly unsafe or if it can be safely traversed (e.g., such as climbing up and over a threshold); 3) a reduction in false positives of cliffs (e.g., due to the use of edge detection versus the multiple discrete IR proximity sensors with a narrow field of view). Additional sensors arranged as “wheel drop” sensors can be used for redundancy and for detecting situations where a range-sensing camera cannot reliably detect a certain type of cliff.

Threshold and step detection allows the robot 100 to effectively plan for either traversing a climbable threshold or avoiding a step that is too tall. This can be the same for random objects on the work surface that the robot 100 may or may not be able to safely traverse. For those obstacles or thresholds that the robot 100 determines it can climb, knowing their heights allows the robot 100 to slow down appropriately, if deemed needed, to allow for a smooth transition in order to maximize smoothness and minimize any instability due to sudden accelerations. In some implementations, threshold and step detection is based on object height above the work surface along with geometry recognition (e.g., discerning between a threshold or an electrical cable versus a blob, such as a sock). Thresholds may be recognized by edge detection. The controller 500 may receive imaging data from the cliff detecting proximity sensors 420 (or another imaging sensor on the robot 100), execute an edge detection routine, and issue a drive command based on results of the edge detection routine. The controller 500 may use pattern recognition to identify objects as well. Threshold detection allows the robot 100 to change its orientation with respect to the threshold to maximize smooth step climbing ability.

The proximity sensors 410, 420 may function alone, or as an alternative, may function in combination with one or more contact sensors 430 (e.g., bump switches) for redundancy. For example, one or more contact or bump sensors 430 on the robot body 110 can detect if the robot 100 physically encounters an obstacle. Such sensors may use a physical property such as capacitance or physical displacement within the robot 100 to determine when it has encountered an obstacle. In some implementations, each base body portion 124 a, 124 b, 124 c of the base 120 has an associated contact sensor 430 (e.g., capacitive sensor, read switch, etc.) that detects movement of the corresponding base body portion 124 a, 124 b, 124 c with respect to the base chassis 122 (see e.g., FIG. 4A). For example, each base 124 a of body 120-c may move radially with respect to the Z axis of the base chassis 122, so as to provide three-way bump detection.

Referring again to FIGS. 1-4C, in some implementations, the sensor system 400 includes a laser scanner 440 mounted on a forward portion of the robot body 110 and in communication with the controller 500. In the examples shown, the laser scanner 440 is mounted on the base 124 of body 120 facing forward (e.g., having a field of view along the forward drive direction F) on or above the first base 124 a of body 120 (e.g., to have maximum imaging coverage along the drive direction F of the robot). Moreover, the placement of the laser scanner on or near the front tip of the triangular base 120 means that the external angle of the robotic base (e.g., 300°) is greater than a field of view 442 of the laser scanner 440 (e.g., ˜285°), thus preventing the base 120 from occluding or obstructing the detection field of view 442 of the laser scanner 440. The laser scanner 440 can be mounted recessed within the base body 124 as much as possible without occluding its fields of view, to minimize any portion of the laser scanner sticking out past the base body 124 (e.g., for aesthetics and to minimize snagging on obstacles).

The laser scanner 440 scans an area about the robot 100 and the controller 500, using signals received from the laser scanner 440, and creates an environment map or object map of the scanned area. The controller 500 may use the object map for navigation, obstacle detection, and obstacle avoidance. Moreover, the controller 500 may use sensory inputs from other sensors of the sensor system 400 for creating an object map and/or for navigation.

In some examples, the laser scanner 440 is a scanning LIDAR, which may use a laser that quickly scans an area in one dimension, as a “main” scan line, and a time-of-flight imaging element that uses a phase difference or similar technique to assign a depth to each pixel generated in the line (returning a two-dimensional depth line in the plane of scanning). In order to generate a three-dimensional map, the LIDAR can perform an “auxiliary” scan in a second direction (for example, by “nodding” the scanner). This mechanical scanning technique can be complemented, if not supplemented, by technologies such as the “Flash” LIDAR/LADAR and “Swiss Ranger” type focal plane imaging element sensors, techniques which use semiconductor stacks to permit time of flight calculations for a full two-dimensional matrix of pixels to provide a depth at each pixel, or even a series of depths at each pixel (with an encoded illuminator or illuminating laser).

The sensor system 400 may include one or more three-dimensional image sensors 450 in communication with the controller 500. If the three-dimensional image sensor 450 has a limited field of view, the controller 500 or the sensor system 400 can actuate the three-dimensional image sensor 450 a in a side-to-side scanning manner to create a relatively wider field of view to perform robust obstacle detection/obstacle avoidance (ODOA). Referring to FIGS. 1-3B, in some implementations, the robot 100 includes a scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a mounted on a forward portion of the robot body 110 with a field of view along the forward drive direction F (e.g., to have maximum imaging coverage along the drive direction F of the robot). The scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a can be used primarily for ODOA. In the example shown, the scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a is mounted on the torso 140 underneath the shoulder 142 or on the bottom surface 144 and recessed within the torso 140 (e.g., flush or past the bottom surface 144), as shown in FIG. 2, for example, to prevent user contact with the scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a. The scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 can be arranged to aim substantially downward and away from the robot body 110, so as to have a downward field of view 452 in front of the robot 100 for ODOA (e.g., with obstruction by the base 120 or other portions of the robot body 110). Placement of the scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a on or near a forward edge of the torso 140 allows the field of view of the three-dimensional image sensor 450 (e.g., ˜285°) to be less than an external surface angle of the torso 140 (e.g., 300°) with respect to the three-dimensional image sensor 450, thus preventing the torso 140 from occluding or obstructing the detection field of view 452 of the scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a. Moreover, the scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a (and associated actuator) can be mounted recessed within the torso 140 as much as possible without occluding its fields of view (e.g., also for aesthetics and to minimize snagging on obstacles). The distracting scanning motion of the scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a is not visible to a user, creating a less distracting interaction experience. Unlike a protruding sensor or feature, the recessed scanning three-dimensional image sensor 450 a will not tend to have unintended interactions with the environment (snagging on people, obstacles, etc.), especially when moving or scanning, as virtually no moving part extends beyond the envelope of the torso 140.

In some implementations, the sensor system 400 includes additional three-dimensional image sensors 450 disposed on the base 124 of body 120, the leg 130, the neck 150, and/or the head 160. In the example shown in FIG. 1, the robot 100 includes three-dimensional image sensors 450 on the base 124 of body 120, the torso 140, and the head 160. In the example shown in FIG. 3A, the robot 100 includes three-dimensional image sensors 450 on the base 124 of body 120, the torso 140, and the head 160. In the example shown in FIG. 3B, the robot 100 includes three-dimensional image sensors 450 on the leg 130, the torso 140, and the neck 150. Other configurations are possible as well. One three-dimensional image sensor 450 (e.g., on the neck 150 and over the head 160) can be used for people recognition, gesture recognition, and/or videoconferencing, while another three-dimensional image sensor 450 (e.g., on the base 120 and/or the leg 130) can be used for navigation and/or obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance.

A forward facing three-dimensional image sensor 450 disposed on the neck 150 and/or the head 160 can be used for person, face, and/or gesture recognition of people about the robot 100. For example, using signal inputs from the three-dimensional image sensor 450 on the head 160, the controller 500 may recognize a user by creating a three-dimensional map of the viewed/captured user's face and comparing the created three-dimensional map with known three-dimensional images of people's faces and determining a match with one of the known three-dimensional facial images. Facial recognition may be used for validating users as allowable users of the robot 100. Moreover, one or more of the three-dimensional image sensors 450 can be used for determining gestures of a person viewed by the robot 100, and optionally reacting based on the determined gesture(s) (e.g., hand pointing, waving, and/or hand signals). For example, the controller 500 may issue a drive command in response to a recognized hand pointing in a particular direction.

The three-dimensional image sensors 450 may be capable of producing the following types of data: (i) a depth map, (ii) a reflectivity based intensity image, and/or (iii) a regular intensity image. The three-dimensional image sensors 450 may obtain such data by image pattern matching, measuring the flight time and/or phase delay shift for light emitted from a source and reflected off of a target.

In some implementations, reasoning or control software, executable on a processor (e.g., of the robot controller 500), uses a combination of algorithms executed using various data types generated by the sensor system 400. The reasoning software processes the data collected from the sensor system 400 and outputs data for making navigational decisions on where the robot 100 can move without colliding with an obstacle, for example. By accumulating imaging data over time of the robot's surroundings, the reasoning software can in turn apply effective methods to selected segments of the sensed image(s) to improve depth measurements of the three-dimensional image sensors 450. This may include using appropriate temporal and spatial averaging techniques.

The reliability of executing robot collision-free moves may be based on: (i) a confidence level built by high-level reasoning over time and (ii) a depth-perceptive sensor that accumulates three major types of data for analysis: (a) a depth image, (b) an active illumination image and (c) an ambient illumination image. Algorithms cognizant of the different types of data can be executed on each of the images obtained by the depth-perceptive image sensor 450. The aggregate data may improve the confidence level compared to a system using only one of the kinds of data.

The three-dimensional image sensors 450 may obtain images containing depth and brightness data from a scene about the robot 100 (e.g., a sensor view portion of a room or work area) that contains one or more objects. The controller 500 may be configured to determine occupancy data for the object based on the captured reflected light from the scene. Moreover, the controller 500, in some examples, issues a drive command to the drive system 200 based at least in part on the occupancy data to circumnavigate obstacles (i.e., the object in the scene). The three-dimensional image sensors 450 may repeatedly capture scene depth images for real-time decision-making by the controller 500 to navigate the robot 100 about the scene without colliding into any objects in the scene. For example, the speed or frequency in which the depth image data is obtained by the three-dimensional image sensors 450 may be controlled by a shutter speed of the three-dimensional image sensors 450. In addition, the controller 500 may receive an event trigger (e.g., from another sensor component of the sensor system 400, such as proximity sensor 410, 420, notifying the controller 500 of a nearby object or hazard. The controller 500, in response to the event trigger, can cause the three-dimensional image sensors 450 to increase a frequency at which depth images are captured and occupancy information is obtained.

In some implementations, the robot includes a sonar scanner 460 for acoustic imaging of an area surrounding the robot 100. In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the sonar scanner 460 is disposed on a forward portion of the base 124 of body 120.

Referring to FIGS. 1-3B, in some implementations, the robot 100 uses the laser scanner or laser range finder 440 for redundant sensing, as well as a rear-facing sonar proximity sensor 410 j for safety, both of which are oriented parallel to the ground G. The robot 100 may include first and second three-dimensional image sensors 450 a, 450 b (depth cameras) to provide robust sensing of the environment around the robot 100. The first three-dimensional image sensor 450 a is mounted on the torso 140 and pointed downward at a fixed angle to the ground G. By angling the first three-dimensional image sensor 450 a downward, the robot 100 receives dense sensor coverage in an area immediately forward or adjacent to the robot 100, which is relevant for short-term travel of the robot 100 in the forward direction. The rear-facing sonar 410 j provides object detection when the robot travels backward. If backward travel is typical for the robot 100, the robot 100 may include a third 3D image sensor 450 facing downward and backward to provide dense sensor coverage in an area immediately rearward or adjacent to the robot 100.

The second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b is mounted on the head 160, which can pan and tilt via the neck 150. The second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b can be useful for remote driving since it allows a human operator to see where the robot 100 is going. The neck 150 enables the operator tilt and/or pan the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b to see both close and distant objects. Panning the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b increases an associated horizontal field of view. During fast travel, the robot 100 may tilt the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b downward slightly to increase a total or combined field of view of both three-dimensional image sensors 450 a, 450 b, and to give sufficient time for the robot 100 to avoid an obstacle (since higher speeds generally mean less time to react to obstacles). At slower speeds, the robot 100 may tilt the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b upward or substantially parallel to the ground G to track a person that the robot 100 is meant to follow. Moreover, while driving at relatively low speeds, the robot 100 can pan the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b to increase its field of view around the robot 100. The first three-dimensional image sensor 450 a can stay fixed (e.g., not moved with respect to the base 120) when the robot is driving to expand its perceptual range. Additionally and/or alternatively, the first three-dimensional image sensor 450 a can scan at low speeds in order to detect potential obstacles around the robot when it is maneuvering. In some examples, the height of the first three-dimensional image sensor 450 a can be adjusted upward, such as through the use of a Z-lift, in order to optimize the field of view of the first three-dimensional sensor 450 a.

In some implementations, at least one of three-dimensional image sensors 450 can be a volumetric point cloud imaging device (such as a speckle or time-of-flight camera) positioned on the robot 100 at a height of greater than one or two feet above the ground (or at a height of about one or two feet above the ground) and directed to obtain a point cloud from a volume of space including a floor plane in a direction of movement of the robot (via the omni-directional drive system 200). In the examples shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, the first three-dimensional image sensor 450 a can be positioned on the base 120 at height of greater than one or two feet above the ground and aimed along the forward drive direction F to capture images (e.g., volumetric point cloud) of a volume including the floor while driving (e.g., for obstacle detection and obstacle avoidance). The second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b is shown mounted on the head 160 (e.g., at a height greater than about three or four feet above the ground), so as to obtain skeletal recognition and definition point clouds from a volume of space adjacent the robot 100. The controller 500 may execute skeletal/digital recognition software to analyze data of the captured volumetric point clouds.

Referring to FIGS. 3A-4C, the sensor system 400 may include an inertial measurement unit (IMU) 470 in communication with the controller 500 to measure and monitor a moment of inertia of the robot 100 with respect to the overall center of gravity CG_(R) of the robot 100.

The controller 500 may monitor any deviation in feedback from the IMU 470 from a threshold signal corresponding to normal unencumbered operation. For example, if the robot begins to pitch away from an upright position, it may be “clotheslined” or otherwise impeded, or someone may have suddenly added a heavy payload. In these instances, it may be necessary to take urgent action (including, but not limited to, evasive maneuvers, recalibration, and/or issuing an audio/visual warning) in order to assure safe operation of the robot 100.

Since robot 100 may operate in a human environment, it may interact with humans and operate in spaces designed for humans (and without regard for robot constraints). The robot 100 can limit its drive speeds and accelerations when in a congested, constrained, or highly dynamic environment, such as at a cocktail party or busy hospital. However, the robot 100 may encounter situations where it is safe to drive relatively fast, as in a long empty corridor, but yet be able to decelerate suddenly, as when something crosses the robot's motion path.

When accelerating from a stop, the controller 500 may take into account a moment of inertia of the robot 100 from its overall center of gravity CG_(R) to prevent robot tipping. The controller 500 may use a model of its pose, including its current moment of inertia. When payloads are supported, the controller 500 may measure a load impact on the overall center of gravity CG_(R) and monitor movement of the robot moment of inertia. For example, the torso 140 and/or neck 150 may include strain gauges to measure strain. If this is not possible, the controller 500 may apply a test torque command to the drive wheels 210 and measure actual linear and angular acceleration of the robot using the IMU 470, in order to experimentally determine safe limits.

During a sudden deceleration, a commanded load on the second and third drive wheels 210 b, 210 c (the rear wheels) is reduced, while the first drive wheel 210 a (the front wheel) slips in the forward drive direction and supports the robot 100. If the loading of the second and third drive wheels 210 b, 210 c (the rear wheels) is asymmetrical, the robot 100 may “yaw” which will reduce dynamic stability. The IMU 470 (e.g., a gyro) can be used to detect this yaw and command the second and third drive wheels 210 b, 210 c to reorient the robot 100.

Referring to FIG. 5, in some implementations, the controller 500 executes a control system 510, which includes a behavior system 510 a and a control arbitration system 510 b in communication with each other. The control arbitration system 510 b allows applications 520 to be dynamically added and removed from the control system 510, and facilitates allowing applications 520 to each control the robot 100 without needing to know about any other applications 520. In other words, the control arbitration system 510 b provides a simple prioritized control mechanism between applications 520 and resources 530 of the robot 100. The resources 530 may include the drive system 200, the sensor system 400, and/or any payloads or controllable devices in communication with the controller 500.

The applications 520 can be stored in memory of or communicated to the robot 100, to run concurrently on (e.g., a processor) and simultaneously control the robot 100. The applications 520 may access behaviors 512 of the behavior system 510 a. The independently deployed applications 520 are combined dynamically at runtime and share robot resources 530 (e.g., drive system 200, arm(s), head(s), etc.) of the robot 100. A low-level policy is implemented for dynamically sharing the robot resources 530 among the applications 520 at run-time. The policy determines which application 520 has control of the robot resources 530 required by that application 520 (e.g. it creates a priority hierarchy among the applications 520). Applications 520 can start and stop dynamically and run completely independently of each other. The control system 510 also allows for complex behaviors 512 which can be combined together to assist each other.

The control arbitration system 510 b includes one or more resource controllers 540, a robot manager 550, and one or more control arbiters 560. These components do not need to be in a common process or computer, and do not need to be started in any particular order. The resource controller 540 component provides an interface to the control arbitration system 510 b for applications 520. There is an instance of this component for every application 520. The resource controller 540 abstracts and encapsulates away the complexities of authentication, distributed resource control arbiters, command buffering, and the like. The robot manager 550 coordinates the prioritization of applications 520, by controlling which application 520 has exclusive control of any of the robot resources 530 at any particular time. Since this is the central coordinator of information, there is only one instance of the robot manager 550 per robot. The robot manager 550 implements a priority policy, which has a linear prioritized order of the resource controllers 540, and keeps track of the resource control arbiters 560 that provide hardware control. The control arbiter 560 receives the commands from every application 520 generates a single command based on the applications' priorities and publishes it for its associated resources 530. The control arbiter 560 also receives state feedback from its associated resources 530 and sends it back up to the applications 520. The robot resources 530 may be a network of functional modules (e.g. actuators, drive systems, and groups thereof) with one or more hardware controllers. The commands of the control arbiter 560 are specific to the resource 530 to carry out specific actions.

A dynamics model 570 executable on the controller 500 can be configured to compute the center of gravity (CG), moments of inertia, and cross products of inertia of various portions of the robot 100 for the assessing a current robot state. The dynamics model 570 may also model the shapes, weight, and/or moments of inertia of these components. In some examples, the dynamics model 570 communicates with the IMU 470 or portions of one (e.g., accelerometers and/or gyros) disposed on the robot 100 and in communication with the controller 500 for calculating the various centers of gravity of the robot 100. The dynamics model 570 can be used by the controller 500, along with other programs 520 or behaviors 512 to determine operating envelopes of the robot 100 and its components.

Each application 520 has an action selection engine 580 and a resource controller 540, one or more behaviors 512 connected to the action selection engine 580, and one or more action models 590 connected to action selection engine 580. The behavior system 510 a provides predictive modeling and allows the behaviors 512 to collaboratively decide on the robot's actions by evaluating possible outcomes of robot actions. In some examples, a behavior 512 is a plug-in component that provides a hierarchical, state-full evaluation function that couples sensory feedback from multiple sources with a-priori limits and information into evaluation feedback on the allowable actions of the robot. Since the behaviors 512 can be plugged into the application 520 (e.g., residing inside or outside of the application 520), they can be removed and added without having to modify the application 520 or any other part of the control system 510. Each behavior 512 is a standalone policy. To make behaviors 512 more powerful, it is possible to attach the output of multiple behaviors 512 together into the input of another so as to have complex combination functions. The behaviors 512 are intended to implement manageable portions of the total cognizance of the robot 100.

The action selection engine 580 is the coordinating element of the control system 510 and runs a fast, optimized action selection cycle (prediction/correction cycle) searching for the best action given the inputs of all the behaviors 512. The action selection engine 580 has three phases: nomination, action selection search, and completion. In the nomination phase, each behavior 512 is notified that the action selection cycle has started and is provided with the cycle start time, the current state, and limits of the robot actuator space. Based on internal policy or external input, each behavior 512 decides whether or not it wants to participate in this action selection cycle. During this phase, a list of active behavior primitives is generated whose input will affect the selection of the commands to be executed on the robot 100.

In the action selection search phase, the action selection engine 580 generates feasible outcomes from the space of available actions, also referred to as the action space. The action selection engine 580 uses the action models 590 to provide a pool of feasible commands (within limits) and corresponding outcomes as a result of simulating the action of each command at different time steps with a time horizon in the future. The action selection engine 580 calculates a preferred outcome, based on the outcome evaluations of the behaviors 512, and sends the corresponding command to the control arbitration system 510 b and notifies the action model 590 of the chosen command as feedback.

In the completion phase, the commands that correspond to a collaborative best scored outcome are combined together as an overall command, which is presented to the resource controller 540 for execution on the robot resources 530. The best outcome is provided as feedback to the active behaviors 512, to be used in future evaluation cycles.

Received sensor signals from the sensor system 400 can cause interactions with one or more behaviors 512 to execute actions. For example, using the control system 510, the controller 500 selects an action (or move command) for each robotic component (e.g., motor or actuator) from a corresponding action space (e.g., a collection of possible actions or moves for that particular component) to effectuate a coordinated move of each robotic component in an efficient manner that avoids collisions with itself and any objects about the robot 100, which the robot 100 is aware of. The controller 500 can issue a coordinated command over robot network, such as an EtherIO network, as described in U.S. Ser. No. 61/305,069, filed Feb. 16, 2010, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIG. 6A provides a schematic view of an exemplary robot system 600 having one or more telepresence robots 100 in communication with a bridge 602, which communicates with a local robot endpoint server 604 a and a remote endpoint server 604 b (e.g., such as the cloud computing service 720 (FIG. 7)). The local robot endpoint server 604 a communicates with a local technician computing device 606 and the remote endpoint server 604 b communicates with a remote operator computing device 608.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4C, in some implementations, the robot 100 includes multiple antennas. In the examples shown, the robot 100 includes a first antenna 490 a and a second antenna 490 b both disposed on the base 120 (although the antennas may be disposed at any other part of the robot 100, such as the leg 130, the torso 140, the neck 150, and/or the head 160). The use of multiple antennas provides robust signal reception and transmission. The use of multiple antennas provides the robot 100 with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) which is the use of multiple antennas for a transmitter and/or a receiver to improve communication performance. MIMO offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced fading). Because of these properties, MIMO is an important part of modern wireless communication standards such as IEEE 802.11n (Wife), 4G, 3GPP Long Term Evolution, WiMAX and HSPA+. Moreover, the robot 100 can act as a Wi-Fi bridge, hub or hotspot for other electronic devices nearby. The mobility and use of MIMO of the robot 100 can allow the robot to serve as a relatively reliable Wi-Fi bridge 602.

Referring to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a teleoperation software application 601 executes on at least one of the robot controller 500, the local robot endpoint server 604 a, the remote endpoint server 604 b, the local technician computing device 606 and the remote operator computing device 608. In some examples, a portion of the teleoperation software application 601 executes on one or more of the aforementioned devices. The teleoperation software application 601 allows one or more users to interact with the robot 100 (e.g., to drive the robot 100) and/or remotely with other people or objects adjacent the robot 100 through telepresence features of the robot 100.

FIG. 6C provides a schematic view of an exemplary user interface 605 of the teleoperation software application 601 that can be rendered on a display, such as the touch screen 312 of the web pad 310 and/or the remote operator computing device 608, for controlling navigation, telepresence, and/or other aspects of the robot 100. The user interface 605 includes a remote video feed window 610 displaying a remote view 612, such as a video feed of a patient 614. The video feed may be generated by one of the cameras 320, 450 on the robot 100. The user interface 605 may display a plan view map window 620 having a map 622 of the local area in which the robot 100 is operating. In the example shown, the map 622 displayed in the plan view map window 620 is a two-dimensional, top-down map 622 a (FIG. 6D); however, other types of maps are possible as well. The user interface 605 may also include a local video window 630 displaying a local view 632, such as a video feed of the user (e.g., remote from the robot 100). The video feed displayed in the local video window 630 may be transmitted to the robot 100 and displayed to the patient 614 using a display device, such as the web pad 310 on the robot 100.

A dashboard 640 may provide information regarding the orientation of the robot 100, an indication of the robot's battery charge, an indication of the strength of a wireless data signal, and/or an indication of the network quality. The orientation of the robot 100 may be indicated by an icon 642 displaying the orientation of the head 160 of the robot 100 with respect to the torso 140 or the base 120. Such an indication may assist a user in orienting the robot 100 to view items of interest. The range of motion of the robot head 160 may be limited. Accordingly, certain implementations may display an indication of the rotational position of the head 160 and a range of motion of the head 160.

Media controls 647 may allow the user to interact with the patient 614 using various types of media and to acquire and store media documenting the interactions of the user and the patient 614. The media controls 647 may allow the user to play audio and/or video clips, for example, that may be used to educate the patient 614 about a medical condition or procedure. Still photographs may be acquired using a camera 320, 450 of the robot 100 in order to document various conditions. Further, the robot 100 may acquire audio (e.g., using the microphone 330) or video (e.g., using the camera 320) documenting the user's interaction with the patient 614 and optionally storing the acquired audio/video in memory of the controller 500 and/or transmitting the acquired audio/video to a remote device or cloud service.

In some implementations, the media controls 647 allow the user to manage temporary connectivity issues. For example, upon the unexpected disconnection of a session, video recording may begin. The robot 100 may continue recording video and saving it to local memory, such as that of the controller 500. Upon an unexpected disconnection, a message may be displayed by the robot, such as “Session terminated—Video recording continuing . . . .” A button below may be displayed with a caption of “Stop recording.” A nurse on the robot side may touch the “Stop recording” button (e.g., on the touch screen 312) and terminate the local recording. Otherwise, the recording may continue for a specified time interval. If the same user logs back into the robot 100 in the specified time interval, the record button on the remote station may show that recording is in progress. When the robot's local recording is complete, it may begin to transmit the video file to a remote station or other location that may be accessible to the disconnected user. Accordingly, the user may be able to see what events transpired during the time that the session was interrupted.

In the example shown in FIG. 6C, the remote video feed window 610 occupies a relatively large portion of the display area. The user interface 605 may have the remote video feed window 610 rendered at a 640×480 pixel resolution, the local video window 630 at a 320×240 pixel resolution, and the plan view map window 620 at a 530×200 pixel resolution. Accordingly, this view may be most appropriate when the user is communicating with the patient 614 and/or manually driving the robot 100. The layout of the default user interface 605 a shown in FIG. 6C may allow the user to swap the contents of the plan view map window 620 with the remote video feed window 610. The view may be swapped, for example, by double-clicking on the map window 620. The windows could later be swapped back by double-clicking on the remote video feed window 610.

Alternative screen layouts may be displayed to a user as may be appropriate for the task being performed by the user. In the example shown in FIG. 6D, in anticipation of directing the robot 100 to move using semi-autonomous navigation from one location to another, the size of the plan view map window 620 is increased. For example, the user interface 605, 605 a shown in FIG. 6C can be a default state for patient interaction and the user interface 605, 605 b shown in FIG. 6D can be an alternate state for robot navigation.

A map view switch button 645 of the user interface may allow the user to invoke the alternative user interface 605 b that includes a relatively larger map window 620. For example, the user interface 605 b shown in FIG. 6D may be primarily used to manually drive the robot 100 or to autonomously navigate to a desired destination Clicking the map view switch button 645 again takes the user back to the default user interface 605 a, which may be used when actively performing a medical consultation. Accordingly, a user may emphasize or de-emphasize (e.g., maximize or minimize) the plan view map window 620 as desired. Certain of the windows shown in the alternate user interface 605 b are also displayed, such as the remote video feed window 610 and the local video window 630. In some examples, the plan view map window 620 may be displayed at a 880×700 pixel resolution, the remote video feed window 610 may be displayed at a 320×240 pixel resolution, and the local video window 630 may be displayed at a 160×120 pixel resolution.

Referring to FIG. 6D, the plan view map window 620 may provide a robot location icon 650 designating a location of the robot 100 within the local environment. A user may click on or touch a point on the displayed map 622 in order to cause the robot to semi-autonomously or autonomously navigate to the selected point. In some examples, the user may zoom in and out using a mouse wheel while the cursor is over the plan view map window 620 or by touch gestures, when displayed on a touch screen 312.

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technology may utilize laser range scanners, odometry, acoustic range finders, or all of the above to build a map of the local environment and place the robot 100 on the map. Images recorded by a robot 100 (e.g., via the camera 320 or three-dimensional image sensor 450) as it traverses an environment may be stored in an internal database (e.g., of the controller 500) and/or a remote database (e.g., a cloud service). When the robot 100 reacquires an image currently in the database, the algorithm resets the robot's current position to that which was recorded when the landmark was originally entered in the database. This method helps to counter the inherent drift of wheel encoder odometry. Systems may also utilize RFID chips and/or triangulation of wireless access points. Further, the names or identifying numbers of specific rooms may be associated with locations on the map. Image data can accumulate over time and, as a cost savings or space savings, the robot 100 may use remote data storage and/or remote processing for storing and/or processing the image data, respectively. For example, an RFID reader may detect RFID chips associated with coordinates on a plan view map in order to identify a current location of a robot. An “RFID chip” may include an RFID device or an RFID “tag” as is understood by those having skill in the art. The RFID chips may be embodied as passive, active, or battery assisted passive (BAP) RFID chips.

FIG. 7 provides a schematic view of an exemplary robot system architecture 700, which may include the robot 100 (or a portion thereof, such as the controller 500 or drive system 200), a computing device 310 (e.g., detachably or fixedly attached to the head 160), a cloud 720 (i.e., cloud computing service), and a portal 730. The computing device 310 may execute one or more robot applications 710, which may include software applications (e.g., stored in memory and executable on a processor) for security, medicine compliance, telepresence, behavioral coaching, social networking, active alarm, home management, etc. The computing device 310 may provide communication capabilities (e.g., secure wireless connectivity and/or cellular communication), refined application development tools, speech recognition, and person or object recognition capabilities. The computing device 310 in some examples utilizes an interaction/COMS featured operating system, such as Android provided by Google Inc., iOS provided by Apple, Inc., or other smart phone operating systems, or specialized robot operating systems, such as RSS A2.

The cloud 720 provides cloud computing and/or cloud storage capabilities. Cloud computing may provide Internet-based computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand. For example, the cloud 720 may be a cloud computing service that includes at least one server computing device, which may include a service abstraction layer and a hypertext transfer protocol wrapper over a server virtual machine instantiated thereon. The server computing device may be configured to parse HTTP requests and send HTTP responses. Cloud computing may be a technology that uses the Internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing can allow users to access and use applications 710 without installation and to access personal files at any computer with Internet access. Cloud computing allows for relatively more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth. The cloud 720 can provide scalable, on-demand computing power, storage, and bandwidth, while reducing robot hardware requirements (e.g., by freeing up CPU and memory usage). Robot connectivity to the cloud 720 allows automatic data gathering of robot operation and usage histories without requiring the robot 100 to return to a base station. Moreover, continuous data collection over time can yield a wealth of data that can be mined for marketing, product development, and support.

Cloud storage 722 can be a model of networked computer data storage where data is stored on multiple virtual servers, generally hosted by third parties. By providing communication between the robot 100 and the cloud 720, information gathered by the robot 100 can be securely viewed by authorized users via a web-based information portal.

The portal 730 may be a web-based user portal for gathering and/or providing information, such as personal information, home status information, and robot status information. Information can be integrated with third-party information to provide additional functionality and resources to the user and/or the robot 100. The robot system architecture 700 can facilitate proactive data collection. For example, applications 710 executed on the computing device 310 may collect data and report on actions performed by the robot 100 and/or a person or an environment viewed by the robot 100 (using the sensor system 400). This data can be a unique property of the robot 100.

“Dense data” vs. “sparse data” and “dense features” vs. “sparse features” are referred to herein with respect to spatial data sets. Without limiting or narrowing the meaning from that of how those skilled in the art would interpret such terms to mean, “dense” vs. “sparse” generally means many data points per spatial representation vs. few data points, and specifically may mean:

(i) in the context of two-dimensional image data or three-dimensional “images” including two-dimensional data and range, “dense” image data includes image data substantially fully populated with pixels, or capable of being rasterized to pixels with substantially no losses and/or artifacting from the original image capture (including substantially uncompressed, raw, or losslessly compressed images), while a “sparse” image is one where the image is quantized, sampled, lossy compressed, vectorized, segmented (e.g., into superpixels, nodes, edges, surfaces, interest points, voxels), or otherwise materially reduced in fidelity from the original capture, or must be interpolated in being rasterized to pixels to re-represent an image;

(ii) in the context of two-dimensional or three-dimensional features, “dense features” may be features that are populated in a substantially unconstrained manner, to the resolution of the detection approach, all that can be detected and recorded, and/or features that are recognized by detectors recognized to collect many features (HOG, wavelets) over a sub-image; “sparse features” may be purposefully constrained in number, in the number of feature inputs, lateral inhibition, and/or feature selection, and/or may be recognized by detectors recognized to identify a limited number of isolated points in an image (Harris corner, edges, Shi-Tomasi).

With respect to three-dimensional environment structure, the robot 100 may acquire images, such as dense images 701, of a scene 10 about the robot 100 while maneuvering about a work surface 5. In some implementations, the robot 100 uses a camera 320 and/or an image sensor 450 (e.g., volumetric point cloud imaging device) for obtaining the dense images 701. The controller 500, which is in communication with the camera 320 and/or the image sensor 450 may associate information with the dense images 701 (e.g., mark-up or tag the dense images 701 with data), such as accelerometer data traces, odometry data, and/or other data from the sensor system 400 along with timestamps. In some examples, the robot 100 captures a streaming sequence of dense images 701 and marks the dense image sequence with mark-up data, providing a marked-up dense image sequence. The cloud service 720 may process the received image data 701 and return a processed data set to the robot controller 500, which may issue drive commands to the drive system 200 based on the received processed data set for maneuvering about the scene 10.

The cloud service 720 may execute one of a variety of off-line methods to process a stored image data set 703 into a dense three-dimensional map or model 705 of the scene 10 (environment) and then simplify this dense three-dimensional map or model 705 into a two-dimensional height map 707, which can be a two-dimensional map with height data at each point (e.g., similar to a two-dimensional topographical map). In some examples, the two-dimensional height map 707 is a topographical map having X and Y coordinates with Z data. Each X,Y coordinate may have one or more Z points (i.e., height data). Unlike the dense three-dimensional map, which may have numerous Z points (e.g., hundreds or thousands of Z points) for each X,Y coordinate, the two-dimensional height map 707 may have less than threshold number of Z points for each X,Y coordinate, such as between 2 and 20 (e.g., 10) points. A two-dimensional height map 707 derived from a three-dimensional map of a table in a room may show a first Z point for the bottom surface of a table top and a second Z point for the top surface of the table top for each X,Y coordinate along the table. This information allows the robot 100 to determine if it can pass under the table top. By reducing the Z points from a dense data set of a continuous range of Z points for each X,Y coordinate to a sparse data set of a select number of Z points indicative of a detected objects 12, the robot 100 can receive a two-dimensional height map 707 having a relatively smaller size than the three-dimensional map used by the cloud service 720. This, in turn, allows the robot 100 to store the two-dimensional height map 707 on local memory having a practical and cost effective size as compared to the scalable memory space available to the cloud service 720. The robot 100 receives the two-dimensional height map 707 from the cloud 720, which provides the robot 100 and associated controller 500 with navigational data for future work in the scene 10.

Additional methods and features of three-dimensional map data compression are disclosed in “Multi-Level Surface Maps for Outdoor Terrain Mapping and Loop Closing” by R. Triebel, P. Pfaff and W. Burgard; IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The cloud 720 provides the robot 100 with on-demand scaling of resources (e.g., computational, processing, memory, etc.) that may not otherwise be practical or cost effective on the robot 100. For example, the cloud 720 can provide scalable cloud storage 722 that scales up to a first size for storing and/or processing a relatively large amount of data 701, which may only be used for a short period of time and then discarded, and then scaled back down to a second size. Moreover, the cloud 720 can provide computer processing power for executing relatively complex computations or “brute force” algorithms that might not otherwise be possible on the robot. By displacing computer processing power and memory to a scalable cloud 720, the robot 100 can use a controller 500 having relatively less computing power and memory, thus providing a cost effective solution. Moreover, the robot 100 may execute real-time tasks (on the controller 500 or the web pad 310), such as obstacle avoidance, while passing non-real-time or non-time-sensitive tasks to the cloud 720 for processing and later retrieval.

The cloud 720 may execute one or more filters (e.g., a Bundle Adjustment, RANSAC, Expectation Maximization, SAM or other 3D structural estimation algorithms) for processing the stored image data set 703 into a 3D representation. Once processed and a dense three-dimensional map 705 has been created or updated, the image data set 703 can be discarded from the cloud storage 722, freeing up resources and allowing the cloud 720 to scale accordingly. As a result, the robot 100 needs neither the on-board storage nor the processing to handle the storage and processing of the image data set 703, due to the use of cloud based resources. The cloud 720 may return processed navigational data 701 or a map 707 (e.g., a compressed two-dimensional height map) to the robot 100, which it can then use for relatively simpler localization and navigation processing.

Additional methods and features of three-dimensional reconstruction are disclosed in “3D Models from Extended Uncalibrated Video Sequences: Addressing Key-frame Selection and Projective Drift” by J. Repko and M. Pollefeys; Fifth International Conference on three-dimensional Digital Imaging and Modeling, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, in some circumstances, the robot 100 receives an occupancy map 800 of objects 12 in a scene 10 and/or work surface 5, or the robot controller 500 produces (and may update) the occupancy map 800 based on image data and/or image depth data received from an image sensor 450 (e.g., the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b) over time. SLAM is a technique that may be used by the robot 100 to build up an occupancy map 800 within an unknown environment or scene 10 (without a priori knowledge), or to update an occupancy map 800 within a known environment (with a priori knowledge from a given map), while at the same time keeping track of its current location.

The controller 500 may communicate the occupancy map 800 to the telepresence software application 601 for displaying a map 622 in the user interface 605. The user interface map 622 may be derived partly or wholly from the occupancy map 800. Moreover, referring also to FIG. 7, the telepresence software application 601 may receive periodic updates of the occupancy map 800 via the cloud service 720. For example, the cloud service 720 may provide with telepresence software application 601 with the dense three-dimensional map or model 705 of the scene 10 about the robot 100 and/or the simplified two-dimensional height map 707 for generating the user interface map 622. In additional examples, the cloud service 720 provides the user interface map 622 to the telepresence software application 601 based on the dense three-dimensional map or model 705 or the two-dimensional height map 707.

Referring again to FIGS. 8A and 8B, maps 800 can be used to determine a location within an environment 10 and to depict an environment for planning and navigation. The maps 800 support the assessment of actual location by recording information obtained from a form of perception and comparing it to a current set of perceptions. The benefit of a map 800 in aiding the assessment of a location increases as the precision and quality of the current perceptions decrease. Maps 800 generally represent the state at the time that the map 800 is provided or produced. This is not necessarily consistent with the state of the environment at the time the map 800 is used. Other localization techniques include monocular visual SLAM (MonoSLAM) and implementations using an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for MonoSLAM solutions.

The controller 500 may execute a scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) to detect and describe local features in captured images. For any object 12 in an image, interesting points on the object 12 can be extracted to provide a “feature description” of the object 12. This description, extracted from a training image, can then be used to identify the object 12 when attempting to locate the object 12 in a test image containing many other objects. To perform reliable recognition, it is important that the features extracted from the training image be detectable even under changes in image scale, noise and illumination. Such points usually lie on high-contrast regions of the image, such as object edges. For object recognition and detection, the robot 100 may use a SIFT to find distinctive key points that are invariant to location, scale and rotation, and robust to affine transformations (changes in scale, rotation, shear, and position) and changes in illumination. In some implementations, the robot 100 captures multiple images (using the camera 320 and/or image sensor 450) of a scene 10 or object 12 (e.g., under different conditions, from different angles, etc.) and stores the images, such as in a matrix. The robot 100 can access the stored images to identify a new image by comparison, filter, etc. For example, SIFT features can be obtained from an input image and matched to a SIFT feature database obtained from training images (captured previously). The feature matching can be done through a Euclidean-distance based nearest neighbor approach. A Hough transform may be used to increase object identification by clustering those features that belong to the same object and reject the matches that are left out in the clustering process. A speeded up robust feature (SURF) may be a robust image detector and descriptor.

In addition to localization of the robot 100 in the scene 10 (e.g., the environment about the robot 100), the robot 100 may travel to other points in a connected space (e.g., the work surface 5) using the sensor system 400. The robot 100 may include a short range type of image sensor 450 a (e.g., mounted on the underside of the torso 140, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3) for mapping a nearby area about the robot 110 and discerning relatively close objects 12, and a long range type of image sensor 450 b (e.g., mounted on the head 160, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 3) for mapping a relatively larger area about the robot 100 and discerning relatively far away objects 12. The robot 100 can use the occupancy map 800 to identify known objects 12 in the scene 10 as well as occlusions 16 (e.g., where an object 12 should or should not be, but cannot be confirmed from the current vantage point). The robot 100 can register an occlusion 16 or new object 12 in the scene 10 and attempt to circumnavigate the occlusion 16 or new object 12 to verify the location of new object 12 or any objects 12 in the occlusion 16. Moreover, using the occupancy map 800, the robot 100 can determine and track movement of an object 12 in the scene 10. For example, the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b may detect a new position of the object 12 in the scene 10 while not detecting a mapped position of the object 12 in the scene 10. The robot 100 can register the position of the old object 12 as an occlusion 16 and try to circumnavigate the occlusion 16 to verify the location of the object 12. The robot 100 may compare new image depth data with previous image depth data (e.g., the map 800) and assign a confidence level of the location of the object 12 in the scene 10. The location confidence level of objects 12 within the scene 10 can time out after a threshold period of time. The sensor system 400 can update location confidence levels of each object 12 after each imaging cycle of the sensor system 400. In some examples, a detected new occlusion 16 (e.g., a missing object 12 from the occupancy map 800) within an occlusion detection period (e.g., less than 10 seconds) may signify a “live” object 12 (e.g., a moving object 12) in the scene 10.

In some implementations, a second object 12 b of interest, located behind a detected first object 12 a in the scene 10, may be initially undetected as an occlusion 16 in the scene 10. An occlusion 16 can be an area in the scene 10 that is not readily detectable or viewable by the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b. In the example shown, the sensor system 400 (e.g., or a portion thereof, such as image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b) of the robot 100 has a field of view 452 with a viewing angle θ_(V) (which can be any angle between 0 degrees and 360 degrees) to view the scene 10. In some examples, the image sensor 450 includes omni-directional optics for a 360 degree viewing angle θ_(V) while in other examples, the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b has a viewing angle θ_(V) of less than 360 degrees (e.g., between about 45 degrees and 180 degrees). In examples, where the viewing angle θ_(V) is less than 360 degrees, the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b (or components thereof) may rotate with respect to the robot body 110 to achieve a viewing angle θ_(V) of 360 degrees. In some implementations, the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b or portions thereof, can move with respect to the robot body 110 and/or drive system 200. Moreover, in order to detect the second object 12 b, the robot 100 may move the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b by driving about the scene 10 in one or more directions (e.g., by translating and/or rotating on the work surface 5) to obtain a vantage point that allows detection of the second object 12 b. Robot movement or independent movement of the image sensor 450, 450 a, 450 b, or portions thereof, may resolve monocular difficulties as well.

A confidence level may be assigned to detected locations or tracked movements of objects 12 in the working area 5. For example, upon producing or updating the occupancy map 800, the controller 500 may assign a confidence level for each object 12 on the map 800. The confidence level can be directly proportional to a probability that the object 12 is actually located in the working area 5 as indicated on the map 800. The confidence level may be determined by a number of factors, such as the number and type of sensors used to detect the object 12. For example, the contact sensor 430 may provide the highest level of confidence, as the contact sensor 430 senses actual contact with the object 12 by the robot 100. The image sensor 450 may provide a different level of confidence, which may be higher than the proximity sensor 430. Data received from more than one sensor of the sensor system 400 can be aggregated or accumulated for providing a relatively higher level of confidence over any single sensor.

Odometry is the use of data from the movement of actuators to estimate change in position over time (distance traveled). In some examples, an encoder is disposed on the drive system 200 for measuring wheel revolutions, therefore a distance traveled by the robot 100. The controller 500 may use odometry in assessing a confidence level for an object location. In some implementations, the sensor system 400 includes an odometer and/or an angular rate sensor (e.g., gyroscope or the IMU 470) for sensing a distance traveled by the robot 100. A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of conservation of angular momentum. The controller 500 may use odometry and/or gyro signals received from the odometer and/or angular rate sensor, respectively, to determine a location of the robot 100 in a working area 5 and/or on an occupancy map 800. In some examples, the controller 500 uses dead reckoning. Dead reckoning is the process of estimating a current position based upon a previously determined position, and advancing that position based upon known or estimated speeds over elapsed time, and course. By knowing a robot location in the working area 5 (e.g., via odometry, gyroscope) as well as a sensed location of one or more objects 12 in the working area 5 (via the sensor system 400), the controller 500 can assess a relatively higher confidence level of a location or movement of an object 12 on the occupancy map 800 and in the working area 5 (versus without the use of odometry or a gyroscope).

Odometry based on wheel motion can be electrically noisy. The controller 500 may utilize scan matching in conjunction with or in place of wheel odometry. The use of scan matching may improve accuracy and/or reduce the computational burden. In such an embodiment, two partial maps obtained using LIDAR and/or other mapping methods may be merged into a single map. The two or more partial maps may be merged using a known scanning location. Alternatively, two or more partial maps may be merged using geometrical features of the partial scans. The controller 500 may receive image data from the image sensor 450 of the environment or scene 10 about the robot 100 for computing robot motion, independently of wheel based odometry of the drive system 200, through visual odometry. Visual odometry may entail using optical flow to determine the motion of the image sensor 450. The controller 500 can use the calculated motion based on imaging data of the image sensor 450 for correcting any errors in the wheel based odometry, thus allowing for improved mapping and motion control. Visual odometry may have limitations with low-texture or low-light scenes 10, if the image sensor 450 cannot track features within the captured image(s).

Other details and features on odometry and imaging systems, which may be combinable with those described herein, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,158,317 (describing a “depth-of field” imaging system), and U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,849 (describing wavefront coding interference contrast imaging systems), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Referring to FIGS. 8C and 8D, when a robot is new to a building that it will be working in, the robot may need to be shown around or provided with a map of the building (e.g., room and hallway locations) for autonomous navigation. For example, in a hospital, the robot may need to know the location of each patient room, nursing stations, etc. In some implementations, the robot 100 receives a plan view map 810, such as the one shown in FIG. 8C, and can be trained to learn the plan view map 810. For example, while leading the robot 100 around the building, the robot 100 may record specific locations corresponding to locations on the plan view map 810. The robot 100 may display the plan view map 810 on the web pad 310 and when the user takes the robot 100 to a specific location, the user can tag that location on the plan view map 810 (e.g., using a touch screen or other pointing device of the web pads 310). The user may choose to enter a label for a tagged location, like a room name or a room number. At the time of tagging, the robot 100 may store the tag, with a point on the plan view map 810 and a corresponding point on a robot map 820, such as the one shown in FIG. 8D. As illustrated, the robot map 820 may be a two-dimensional plan view map similar to the plan view map 810. In alternative embodiments, the robot map 820 may be a three-dimensional map including a ground level corresponding to a two-dimensional plan view map similar to the plan view map 810.

Using the sensor system 400, the robot 100 may build the robot map 820 as it moves around. For example, the sensor system 400 can provide information on how far the robot 100 has moved and a direction of travel. The robot map 820 may include fixed obstacles in addition to the walls provided in the plan view map 810. The robot 100 may use the robot map 820 to execute autonomous navigation. In the robot map 820, the “walls” may not look perfectly straight, for example, due to detected packing crates along the wall in the corresponding hallway and/or furniture detected inside various cubicles. Moreover, rotational and resolution differences may exist between the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820.

Referring to FIG. 8E, in some implementations, the telepresence software application 601 displays a tagging view 660 that allows the user to place tags 662 on the plan view map 810. The plan view map 810 may be the same map as that displayed by the plan view map window 620 or it may be a different map used internally for navigation purposes.

The user, a remote terminal, and/or the robot may insert tags 662 onto specific locations of the plan view map 810 and/or robot map 820 to mark map locations with information, such as driving hazards, obstacles, robot aids, etc. For example, the user may drag-and-drop tags 662 onto specific location of the plan view map 810. As is described herein, the tags may include tag coordinates associated with a point or a region, tag information defining the purpose of the tag, type of the tag, nature of the tag, instructions for the user and/or robot related to the tag, and/or other information relevant to the tag, and finally, the tag may include a tag annotation comprising a two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional graphic or text corresponding to the tag. An example of a tag annotation is an octagonal red stop sign associated with a tag containing tag information indicating an area that a robot should not enter. A tag annotation may be human and/or machine interpretable. Tag coordinates may be points, lines, plans, surfaces, volumes, and/or 2.5D or hybrid surfaces. Tags may be formed as data structures having any number of additional fields and/or parameters. For example, a tag include fields associated with time, scheduling, spatial coordinates, and/or triggers for predetermined functions.

The term annotation, as used herein, includes text, words, or other verbal representations. Accordingly, the tag annotation may be a picture, graphical image, a pictograph, a hieroannotation, a non-verbal symbol. In addition, a tag annotation may be a word, a letter, a phrase, or other text form. For example, a tag associated with a nurses station may include a tag annotation comprising a textual representation of the nurses name. The textual representation of the nurses name could be two-dimensional text, or it could be a three-dimensional text. Alternatively, the tag annotation associated with the nurse's station could be a large letter N, or a symbol representative of a nurse's station (e.g., a nurses hat or nursing symbol).

The tags 662 may include a wireless local area network (WLAN) warm tag 662 a denoting an area having relatively good signal reception and a WLAN cold tag 662 b denoting an area having relatively poor signal reception. The robot 100 may use this information to navigate from one location to another through an area having relatively good wireless signal reception, while avoiding areas having relatively poor wireless signal reception.

A low traffic tag 662 c denotes an area having relatively low traffic (person and/or robot). The robot 100 may select a travel path though an area having a relatively low traffic volume, rather than through an area having a relatively high traffic volume. Moreover, if the robot 100 must travel through a high traffic area, the robot 100 may execute one or more specific object detection obstacle avoidance (ODOA) behaviors to navigate the area successfully without collisions.

A dock tag 662 d denotes a location of a robot docking station. A low battery event may signal the controller 500 to seek recharging. The robot 100 may use the map location tagged with a dock tag 662 d to locate a robot docking station for recharging. For example, by applying a resolved distortion between the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820 (FIGS. 8C and 8D), the robot 100 can determine a corresponding robot map location 824 corresponding to the tagged layout map location 814 to navigate to that tagged location to dock with a robot docking station. Resolving the distortion may include determining a distortion between two maps that use the same coordinate system. The robot map 820 and the plan view map 810 may both be two-dimensional and as such, determining a distortion may not require determining a coordinate transformation between different dimensions.

Some tags 662 may be used to indicate obstacles or special traversal areas. For example, a glass tag 662 e indicates the location of a glass wall, window, or door. The robot 100 may use this information to avoid the tagged glass structures, since infrared proximity sensors may not detect them. A ramp tag 662 f indicates the location of a floor ramp. For a distance, the robot 100 may detect the ramp as an obstacle, since it may appear to have a vertical height greater than a threshold traversal height. When approaching a tagged ramp, the robot 100 may execute a ramp or traversal behavior to successfully negotiate the ramp. A tight tag 662 g indicates the location of a relatively narrow corridor or throughway. The robot 100 may avoid such areas, so as to avoid any confining situations.

A slow tag 662 h indicates a location or area in which the robot 100 drives relatively slowly. This location or area may coincide with a high traffic area. An avoid tag 662 i denotes a location or area that the robot 100 should avoid (i.e., not drive through). In some embodiments, an avoid tag 622 i may be operation mode-dependent. For example, the avoid tag 622 i may be applicable only when the robot is operating in a fully autonomous mode. During teleoperation, the avoid tag 622 i may be effectively ignored by the robot. An operating room user interface (OR UI) tag 662 j indicates the location or area of a hospital operating room. The robot 100 may use this tag to find the operating room to provide telepresence support and/or to display a specific user interface (e.g., an OR UI) upon entering the OR area. A training tag 662 k can be used to mark general locations, such as hallways and rooms, to train the robot 100 to learn its environment 10.

A manual elevator tag 662 l indicates the location of an elevator where the robot 100 should allow a user to aid the robot's traversal into/out of the elevator. Manual elevator negotiation may be based on remote user piloting or robot-local user guidance. For remote user piloting, a remote user provides drive commands to the robot 100 (e.g., using a joystick). For robot-local user guidance, a person adjacent to the robot 100 may physically touch the robot 100 and, in response to those touches, the robot 100 moves accordingly. Features regarding robot responsiveness to user touching combinable with those described herein can be found in application Ser. No. 13/032,390, filed on Feb. 22, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

An auto elevator tag 662 m indicates the location of an elevator that the robot 100 may negotiate (into and out of) autonomously. The robot 100 may execute a threshold traversal behavior 512 d (FIG. 5) to enter into and drive out of the elevator, so as to avoid tipping. Features regarding robot responsiveness to user touching combinable with those described herein can be found in application serial number PCT/US11/59910, filed on Nov. 9, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A keep right tag 662 n indicates a map location or area in which the robot 100 should keep to the right. A user may place this tag along certain corridors, such as high traffic corridors. In response to the keep right tag 662 n, the robot 100 may execute a wall following behavior to stay along the wall while driving in the tagged area.

After map training, when a user wants to send the robot 100 to a location, the user can either refer to a label/tag 622 (e.g., enter a label or tag into a location text box displayed on the web pad 310) or the robot 100 can display the plan view map 810 to the user on the web pad 310 and the user may select the location on the plan view map 810. If the user selects a tagged layout map location 814, the robot 100 can easily determine the corresponding robot map location 824 on the robot map 820 and can proceed to navigate to the selected location 814.

In some implementations, the robot controller 500 may execute a first behavior 512 while maneuvering about a first area and then execute a second behavior 512 while maneuvering about a second area associated with a tag having an associated robot behavior modifier. For example, while executing a person follow behavior 512 b, the robot controller may either cease execution of that behavior 512 b or concurrently execute a threshold traversal behavior 512 d upon reaching a map location 814 tagged with a ramp tag 662 f or an auto elevator tag 622 m.

If the selected location on the plan view map 810 is not a tagged location 814, the robot 100 determines a corresponding location 824 on the robot map 820. In some implementations, the robot 100 computes a scaling size, origin mapping, and rotation between the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820 using existing tagged locations, and then applies the computed parameters to determine the robot map location (e.g., using an affine transformation or coordinates).

The robot map 820 may not be the same orientation and scale as the plan view map 810. Moreover, the layout map may not be to scale and may have distortions that vary by map area. For example, a plan view map 810 created by scanning a fire evacuation map typically seen in hotels, offices, and hospitals is usually not drawn to scale and can even have different scales in different regions of the map. The robot map 820 may have its own errors. For example, locations on the robot map 820 may have been computed by counting wheel turns as a measure of distance, and if the floor was slightly slippery or turning around corners caused extra wheel turns, inaccurate rotation calculations may cause the robot 100 to determine inaccurate locations of mapped objects.

A method of mapping a given point 814 on the plan view map 810 to a corresponding point 824 on the robot map 820 may include using existing tagged points 812 to compute a local distortion (in the same two-dimensional coordinate system) between the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820 in a region (e.g., within a threshold radius) containing the layout map point. The method further includes applying a distortion calculation to the layout map point 814 in order to find a corresponding robot map point 824. The reverse can be done if you are starting with a given point on the robot map 820 and want to find a corresponding point on the plan view map 810, for example, for asking the robot for its current location.

Any of a wide variety of tag schemas and data structures may be used. For example, tags may contain attributes in the form of key-value pairs that specify a purpose of the tag, tag parameters, and tag attributes (generally “tag information”). Table 1 below provides a specific example.

TABLE 1 Field name Data type Description tagId integer the ID of the tag entry in the tag table described above name text the parameter name value text the parameter value

Tags associated with regions may have attributes associated with them that specify their purpose and specify parameters that influence behaviors associated with the region. These key-value pairs may be stored using a data structure similar to the example in Table 2 below:

TABLE 2 Field name Data type Description regionId integer the ID of the region entry in the region table described above name text the parameter name value text the parameter value

The data structure for each tag may include tag coordinates and tag information, which may include a tag annotation (such as a two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional graphical representation of the tag). Table 3 below provides a specific example of a data structure for a tag.

TABLE 3 Field name Data type Description id integer globally unique identifier for the tag in the database mapId integer the identifier of the robot map to which the tag belongs timestamp float a timestamp representing when the tag was created poseX float the X coordinate of the tag in the robot map's coordinate system poseY float the Y coordinate of the tag in the robot map's coordinate system poseZ float the Z coordinate of the tag in the robot map's coordinate system poseXr float the tag's rotation about the X axis poseYr float the tag's rotation about the Y axis poseZr float the tag's rotation about the Z axis name text a human-readable identifier for the tag annotation image a 2D and/or 3D graphical representation

As described herein, a tag may be associated with a region, rather than a specific point, on a map. There may be a many-to-one relationship between tag information and a tag. A specific example of a data structure for a tag associated with a region is provided below in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Field name Data type Description id integer globally unique identifier for the region in the database mapId integer the identifier of the robot map to which the region belongs timestamp float a timestamp representing when the region was created poseX float the X coordinate of the region's centroid in the same coordinate system as the robot map poseY float the Y coordinate of the region's centroid in the same coordinate system as the robot map poseZ float the Z coordinate of the region's centroid in the same coordinate system as the robot map poseXr float the region's rotation about the X axis poseYr float the region's rotation about the Y axis poseZr float the region's rotation about the Z axis name text a human-readable identifier for the region annotation image a 2D and/or 3D graphical representation

In some examples, the geometry of regions may be broken into the components of their centroid and offsets from the centroid to allow for the position and rotation of many objects to be updated quickly. When CPU resources permit, the bounding box of the final coordinates (the polygon points relative to the centroid, transformed by the centroid's pose into the map's coordinate system) can be indexed using an R*-tree or similar data structure for fast lookup based on geometric constraints. The points comprising the region's polygon may be stored in clockwise (or counter-clockwise) order to facilitate point-in-polygon tests based on ray-tracing algorithms.

As an example, a tag indicating a region that is a slow zone may have a data structure as provided below in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Name Value type speedZone subtype explicit maxXVelocity 0.75 maxYVelocity 0.0 maxThetaVelocity 0.75

Table 5 illustrates an example of a slow-zone tag in which the speed limits are explicitly set based on values associated with the region itself. Alternatively, a region may be defined in such a manner that a robot may interpret the region as a slow zone. For example, in Table 6 below, a robot may interpret a region defined as an intersection as a slow zone and reduce its speed to a predetermined velocity.

TABLE 6 Name Value type speedZone subtype intersection

Tags associated with points or regions on a map may include tag coordinates, tag information, and tag annotations of any of a wide variety. Additionally, the tags may be implemented using any of a wide variety of data types, including those illustrated above in Tables 1-6. The terms tag information and tag annotation are referred herein as separate elements. However, according to various embodiments, a tag annotation may be a part of the tag information. Specifically, a data structure may or may not include a distinct field for the tag annotation. Rather, a field in the data structure for the tag information may incorporate the tag annotation.

FIG. 8F provides an exemplary arrangement 800 f of operations for operating the robot 100 to navigate about an environment using the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820. The operations include receiving 802 f a plan view map 810 corresponding to an environment of the robot 100, moving 804 f the robot 100 in the environment to a layout map location 812 on the plan view map 810, recording 806 f a robot map location 822 on a robot map 820 corresponding to the environment and produced by the robot 100, determining 808 f a distortion (two-dimensional) between the robot map 820 and the plan view map 810 using the recorded robot map locations 822 and the corresponding layout map locations 812, and applying 810 f the determined distortion to a target layout map location 814 to determine a corresponding target robot map location 824, thus allowing the robot to navigate to the selected location 814 on the plan view map 810. In some implementations, the operations include determining a scaling size, origin mapping, and rotation between the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820 using existing tagged locations and resolving a robot map location corresponding to the selected target layout map location 814. The operations may include applying an affine transformation to the determined scaling size, origin mapping, and rotation to resolve the robot map location. Any of the above operations may be repeated any number of times in order to increase accuracy and/or efficiency. For example, moving 804 f the robot 100 in the environment and recording 806 f a robot map location may be repeated multiple times in order to gather sufficient correlation points for the subsequent transformations and calculations between the layout map and the robot map.

Other details and features combinable herewith can be found in PCT application Serial No.: PCT/US11/60935, filed on Nov. 16, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, in some implementations, the teleoperation software application 601 displays a hybrid three-dimensional image map 622 b (hybrid map) in the map window 620. The hybrid map 622 b may be a combination of the remote view 612 displayed in the remote video feed window 610 and a plan view map 810, such as the two-dimensional, top-down map 622 a displayed in the plan view map window 620 (FIG. 6D). FIG. 9A illustrates a remote video view 612 that a user may see when the robot 100 is positioned in a hallway. FIG. 9B illustrates a hybrid map 622 b in which the plan view map 810 is partially overlaid and modified to fit the remote view 612, indicating the room numbers and/or room types of the areas in the field of view of the robot 100. When viewing a live video feed, the user may place the cursor over the window and start moving the scroll wheel upward. During the transitional process, the perspective video view (from the camera 320 on the robot 100) is progressively transitioned between the remote video view 612 and the map 622. The map 622 is fully warped at the start of the transition to map the perspective remote video view 612, and gradually reverts to its unwarped view at the end of the transition. So if the mouse wheel is 30% up, then the user sees a dissolved image which contains 70% video and 30% map, and the video portion is 30% de-warped, while the map is 70% warped. This implementation allows for a single view to fluidly represent both a perspective live remote video view 612 and a map 622.

To provide the hybrid map 622 b, the teleoperation software application 601 may determine a distortion (between two-dimensional coordinates and three-dimensional coordinates) between the remote view 612 and the plan view map 810 using recorded robot map locations 822 of a robot map 820 and corresponding layout map locations 812 and then applying the determined distortion to fit the plan view map 810 to the remote view 612. In some implementations, determining the distortion includes determining a scaling size, origin mapping, and rotation between the plan view map 810 and the remote view 612, for example, by applying an affine transformation to the determined scaling size, origin mapping, and rotation. Determining a distortion between a two-dimensional plan view map and a three-dimensional video feed may include determining a coordinate transformation between the disparate coordinate systems.

Referring to FIGS. 6D and 10A-10E, in some implementations, the user interface 605 provides a look-ahead command 624 that causes the display of a rendered look-ahead view 612 a in the map window 620, a dedicated separate window, or some other window. While driving the robot 100, the user may invoke a look-ahead command 624, which causes the robot 100 to stop moving physically, while the teleoperation software application 601 generates and displays a rendered look-ahead view 612 a providing a perspective view of a proposed robot drive path as if the robot 100 were continuing to move along its drive path. This may be accomplished by using the map data, such as location of walls, and constructing a perspective “virtual reality” view based on the virtual location of the robot 100. For example, the telepresence software application 601 may use the plan view map 810, the robot map 820, and/or stored image data 701 (FIG. 7) to construct the look-ahead view 612 a. For robot systems using a cloud computing service 720, such as the example shown in FIG. 7, the telepresence software application 601 and optionally the robot 100 may communicate with the cloud computing service 720, which may construct the look-ahead view 612 a based on stored image data 701, the three-dimensional map 705, and/or the two-dimensional height map 707 (or alternatively a 2.5D hybrid map) and then provide the look-ahead view 612 a for rendering in the map window 620. This implementation allows the telepresence software application 601 to leverage the scalable computer processing and data storage capability of the cloud service (e.g., the cloud service 720 can elastically scale up to process the data and then scale down afterwards), thus reducing a processing and memory requirement for a computing device executing the telepresence software application 601.

FIG. 10A illustrates an exemplary remote view 612 of the remote video feed window 610 of the telepresence software application 601. FIG. 10B illustrates a complementary map 622 displayed in the map window 620. The map 622 provides the current location of the robot 100 as denoted by the robot icon 650 along with a camera field of view 322 for a robot camera 320. FIGS. 10C and 10E provide exemplary look-ahead views 612 a displayed in the remote video feed window 610. The remote video feed window 610 may continue to display the remote view 612 from the robot camera 320 in a picture-in-picture window, for example, placed in a corner of the remote video feed window 610. FIGS. 10D and 10F provide exemplary maps 622 displayed in the map window 620. While executing the look-ahead command, the telepresence software application 601 may render the robot icon 650 at the robot's current location along with the robot's camera field of view 322. In addition or alternatively, the telepresence software application 601 may render in the plan view map window 620 a virtual robot icon 650 a moving along a look-ahead path along with a projected look-ahead camera field of view 322 a.

In some implementations, as the user drives the robot 100 along a corridor using a joystick in communication with the telepresence software application 601, the user may invoke the look-ahead command 624 (e.g., by selecting a corresponding button on the user interface 605 or the joystick). For example, at a location 50 feet away from a turn in the corridor, the user may invoke the look-ahead command 624, causing the generation of a look-ahead view 612 a and stopping further movement of the robot 100 along the corridor. The user may continue, however, to virtually move the robot 100 in a look-ahead mode. The user interface 605 may display the look-ahead view 612 a (e.g., a three-dimensional model) of the same corridor at the same position. As the user drives forward in the look-ahead mode, continues 50 feet, turns left, and continues driving, the user can see the location of rooms and other corridors along the way in the three-dimensional model/look-ahead view 612 a. In some examples, for the first 30 feet of “virtual” driving, the telepresence software application 601 may display a blend of the actual view (from the stationary physical robot, further magnified and perspective-warped to match the virtual location) and the three-dimensional model/look-ahead view 612 a.

FIG. 10G provides an exemplary arrangement 1000 of operations for executing a look-ahead mode of the telepresence software application 601. The operations include initiating 1002 the look-ahead mode (also referred to as the flythrough mode) and checking 1004 an actual localization of the robot 100, such as a current pose and/or coordinates of the robot 100. The robot 100 may determine its localization based on received sensor signals of its sensor system 400 and then forward the localization to the telepresence software application 601 and/or a cloud computing service 720. The operations further include creating 1006 a virtual localization and/or pose of the robot 100. The telepresence software application 601 or the cloud computing service 720 may use a dynamics model 570 (FIG. 5) associated with the robot 100 and image data 701 (FIG. 7) (e.g., volumetric point cloud image data) to generate the virtual localization and/or pose. The operations may include accessing 1008 three-dimensional rendering data corresponding to the determined virtual robot localization and generating 1010 a three-dimensional rendering of the robot 100 and/or local environment about the robot 100. This may entail accessing image data 701 (e.g., volumetric point cloud image data) and/or the three-dimensional map 705 stored locally or remotely in cloud storage 722 to construct the local three-dimensional model/look-ahead view 612 a, which may be displayed by the telepresence software application 601 in the remote video feed window 610. Moreover, this may entail generating a three-dimensional model of the robot 100 illustrated by the virtual robot icon 650 a and the projected look-ahead camera field of view 322 a in the map window 620. The operations may include updating 1012 the displayed look-ahead view 612 a or a first person point of view (POV) and updating a virtual localization/pose of the robot 100 as the robot 100 virtually maneuvers about in the look-ahead mode. Steps 1008-1014 can be repeated (e.g., on a periodic basis) until terminating 1016 the look-ahead/flythrough mode.

Referring to FIG. 11A, in some implementations, the user interface 605 of the telepresence software application 601 displays a remote navigation view 612 b in the remote video feed window 610 (or another window). The remote navigation view 612 b may have a navigable area 616 rendered over the live video feed of the remote view 612. The user may toggle between the remote view 612 and the remote navigation view 612 b. The navigable area 616 may be determined based on the plan view map 810 and/or the robot map 820. The navigable area 616 may be shown as a bounded area with a field of view 832 of the robot camera(s) 320, 450, excluding obstacles. Moreover, the navigable area 616 may be filled with a color or other signal that communicates to a user that the navigable area is free of obstacles or other impediments.

Navigable area on the layout map may be highlighted based on information in the robot's internal obstacle map. In one embodiment, the navigable area may be identified as white-colored pixels in the image. The robot may return its position on the robot map and the position and orientation of the 3D depth camera. A processor may use the robot position and the kinematic state (e.g., pan and tilt angles) of the head camera to determine which pixels on the video screen represent the ground plane. That is, the processor may utilize the robot position and the perspective of the video feed to calculate the coordinates for each ground level pixel on the video feed. The white-colored pixels designating the navigable areas may then be overlaid on the ground level pixels on the video feed. Accordingly, the robot and/or a user controlling the robot could identify navigable areas by following the white-colored pixels. In alternative embodiments, any color pixel or other identifying mark could be used. Alternative data structures or marks could be used in place of white-colored pixels. Specifically, from the robot's POV the coordinates of ground level pixels that are navigable could be tagged in any of a wide variety of ways, so long as the robot is configured to recognize them.

The user may select a robot destination 618 in the navigable area 616, which causes the telepresence software application 601 to issue a drive command to the robot 100 to move to a location corresponding to the selected robot destination 618. In the example shown, the remote video feed window 610 of the user interface 605 provides a remote navigation view 612 b of the robot 100 in a hospital room. The user selects a robot destination 618 as a location in the room next to a patient bed. The telepresence software application 601 may use the plan view map 810, robot map 820, three-dimensional map 705, two-dimensional (or 2.5D hybrid) height map 707, and/or stored image data 701 to resolve a distortion (within the same dimension and/or between dimensions) between the selected robot destination 618 on the remote navigation view 612 b and a corresponding robot map location 824. The telepresence software application 601 may then issue a drive command to the robot 100 to maneuver autonomously or semi-autonomously to the robot map location 824, using its sensor system 400 and behavior system 510 a to avoid any obstacles, such as moving people.

In one example, a map may be returned from a robot API call as an image, such as a PNG, JPG, or TIFF image. The robot could process the image in order to detect the pixels (e.g., black-colored pixels) that form the outline of an obstacle in the image. A curve fitting algorithm could be used to process the pixels that form the outline of the obstacle. The resulting curve(s) could then be used to generate an obstacle map. Additional processing may be done to further improve the obstacle detection and/or improve the accuracy of the curves fitting the detected obstacle outlines. For example, if a curve closes and forms a shape similar to a circle, the obstacle map could simply use a circle as a replacement. A similar idea could be applied to shapes like rectangles or ovals, people, faces, and/or those objects approximating a database of known object shapes from various perspectives.

The user interface 605 may provide a proximity sensor window 670 which displays a proximity of obstacles within a sensor field of view 442, 452 (e.g., within an three-dimensional imaging sensor field of view 452 and/or a laser scanner field of view 442).

In some implementations, the user may mark a protected region/zone on the remote video feed window 610 and/or the plan view map window 620 (not shown), using an avoid tag 662, 662 i. A protected zone may be treated by the robot 100 as an object 12, and accordingly, protected zones may be avoided during autonomous navigation. Protected zones can be used to help create a wide berth around delicate equipment, or in order to ensure that the robot avoids other areas. The user may place an avoid tag 662, 662 i on the plan view map 810 in the tagging view 660 or on the remote navigation view 612 b. Moreover, the user may place other tags 662 on the remote navigation view 612 b. The telepresence software application 601 may resolve a distortion between the remote navigation view 612 b and the plan view map 810 and/or robot map 820 and then update the robot map 820 accordingly.

For example, determining a distortion between a plan view map and a video feed may comprise creating a transformation mapping between coordinate points in any of the navigation view 612 b, the plan view map 810, and/or the robot map 820. Similar to overlaying a restricted region on a ground level in a video feed, the ground level of two-dimensional maps may be effectively coordinate-mapped onto a detected ground level in a video feed provided by a robot.

FIG. 11B illustrates a flow chart of an exemplary arrangement 1100 of operations for a method of robot navigation (e.g., semi-autonomous) to a selected robot destination 618. The method includes identifying 1102 a navigable area 616 within a field of view 322, 442, 452 of the robot 100. Identification of navigable areas 616 may be accomplished using the sensor system 400 of the robot 100. The method also includes visually indicating 1104 the navigable areas 616 on the user interface 605, for example by displaying a bounded area (e.g., highlighted boundaries, filled with a color or pattern) on the remote navigation view 612 b. The method may include receiving 1106 a user selection of a robot destination 618 and determining 1108 whether the robot destination 618 is within the identified navigable areas 616. If the robot destination is outside of identified navigable areas 616, the method includes prompting 1110 the user for a valid robot destination 618 within the navigable area(s) 616. If the robot destination 618 is within identified navigable areas 616, the method may include determining 1112 a route to the robot destination 618. This may entail determining a distortion between the remote navigation view 612 b and the robot map 820 and then resolving a robot map location 824 corresponding to the selected robot destination 618. The method includes allowing 1114 the robot 100 to navigate (autonomously or semi-autonomously) to the robot destination 618.

FIGS. 11C and 11D illustrate exemplary remote navigation views 612 b where the user selected a robot destination 618 either beyond a navigable area 616 or on an obstacle 1120 (either actual or perceived by the robot 100). In the example shown in FIG. 11C, the user selected a robot destination 618 on a perceived obstacle 1120 a, a ramp 1122. From a distance, the robot sensor system 400 may discern the ramp 1122 as an obstacle, because from a distance the ramp 1122 may have a perceived height above a threshold traversal height of the robot 100. Moreover, the robot behavior system 510 a may execute an ODOA behavior 512 c in response to sensor events raised due to sensor signals of the sensor system 400 indicating an obstacle having a height greater than the threshold traversal height. Using the plan view map 810 and/or the robot map 820, the robot 100 may determine that its local perception of the environment may be inaccurate, and that the ramp 1122 is not an actual obstacle, but is rather a perceived obstacle 1120 a.

Although the ramp 1122 is within the navigable area 616, the telepresence software application 601 may determine the robot destination 618 on the ramp 1122 is an unsafe location to stop. The telepresence software application 601 may display an alert dialog box 1130, noting that the selected robot destination is an unsafe location to stop. In the example shown, the alert dialog box 1130 indicates that the user selected a ramp 1122 for the robot destination 618 and offers an alternative robot destination 619 just before the ramp 1122. Stopping the robot 100 on the ramp 1122 may be hazardous for people near the robot 100 and for the robot 100 itself, if the robot 100 tips or rolls down the ramp 1122. By determining that the robot destination 618 is on the ramp 1122, the telepresence software application 601 can either prohibit such a robot destination 618 and/or offer a safe alternative destination 619, in this case before the ramp 1122.

Referring to FIG. 11D, when the user selects an actual obstacle 1120 b, the telepresence software application 601 may display an alert dialog box 1130, noting that the selected robot destination 618 is outside of the navigable area 616 or an obstacle 1120. In the example shown, the alert dialog box 1130 indicates that the user selected an obstacle 1120 b for the robot destination 618 and offers an alternative robot destination 619 just before the obstacle 1120 b.

Referring to FIG. 12, in some implementations, the remote navigation view 612 b displayed by the user interface 605 of the telepresence software application 601 allows a user to specify a robot path 652 to a selected robot destination 618 in the navigable area 616. The user may specify the robot path 652 using a variety of input devices. For example, on a touch screen display, the user may drag his/her finger or a stylus from the robot icon 650, denoting the current robot position, to the robot destination 618. In additional examples, the user may drag the robot icon 650 (e.g., using a mouse or touch gesture) along the prescribed robot path 652 to the robot destination 618. In the example shown, the user may select a set path button 1202 on the user interface 605 allowing the user to indicate that a gesture performed within the navigable area 616 should be interpreted as the robot path 652. The user may trace the robot path 652 within the remote video feed window 610. Similarly, the user may select the robot path 652 on the plan view map 810 displayed as the two-dimensional map 622 a in the map window 620. After setting the robot path 652, the user may press a go button 1204 to set the robot 100 into motion. Similarly, a stop button 1208 may be used to stop the motion of the robot 100. A clear path button 1206 may remove or clear the set robot path 652 from the remote navigation view 612 b.

A display window may include a fly-out icon panel that is revealed by a mouse-over. For example, the icon panel may “fly” out from the top left of the window. The icon panel may allow a user to select a manual drive, a click-to-drive, and a head motion icon. In one embodiment, the a user may toggle through the icons using the space bar. Manual drive may allow a user to click-to-destination and/or click-and-drag a path. After drawing a path on the map, the user may right-click and select “Save Path” from the popup menu. They can give a name to the path. Later the user may “Load Path”, and the robot will navigate to the starting point of the path, and then navigate along the prescribed path to the destination. The path may be stored as a tag data structure, including tag coordinates and tag information. The tag path include multiple stops along the way. When drawing the path, the user may indicate way points along the path. In some embodiments, the way points may be represented by tag annotations that include stop signs. Later, when traversing the path, upon reaching a way point, the robot may flashes the “stop” button and the path may become lighter and/or translucent. At this point the user may perform a consult and do local driving, then click “go” to resume the path. Accordingly, a physician can save a path for his evening rounds, hitting all the rooms and stations in a preferred order and with a pre-planned route.

In head mode, a user may draw a box or outline on a portion of a video feed in order to center the head (upper portion) of the robot on the center of the box or an object within the box. Additionally, a user may click a location in order to change the heading of the head (upper portion) of the robot and/or the entire robot. Various button and peripheral control toggles may be used to independently control the base (lower portion) and head (upper portion) of the robot. For example, holding the shift key while in the head mode may make the curser a hand icon on the screen and allow the user to grab and drag the viewpoint of the head.

In some embodiments, a star icon may be used to control the navigation of the robot. The star icon may be displayed in any of the various views and may be selectively moved by the user to change the direction and/or velocity of the robot. Alternative icons in addition to a star icon may be used.

Returning to FIG. 12, a virtual joystick window 680 may provide another input device for specifying the desired path 652 or to manually control of the robot 100. The virtual joystick window 680 may display a robot orientation indicator 682 and a navigation vector 684. A user may control the direction and speed of the robot 100 using the navigation vector 684. A virtual joystick may facilitate control of the robot 100 by the user of a device that may not typically have a mouse or conventional joystick, such as a tablet computer.

A “stitched” video image may be displayed in the virtual joystick window 680. The “stitch” video and image may be generated using a live downward pointing camera 320, 450 on the front of the robot 100 and using a live downward pointing camera on the rear of the robot 100. A user may grab (e.g., using a mouse or touch gesture) and drag on robot motion indicator 686 in order to specify a direction of robot movement and a drive velocity. Driving the robot 100 from the virtual joystick window 680 has advantages over using the remote video feed window 610 for mouse-based or virtual joystick driving. Specifically, this view may reduce lens distortion, lack of depth information, and perception issues based on the rotation of the robot head 160 that a user may experience while driving the robot 100 using the video feed displayed in remote video feed window 610.

In addition to allowing the user to specify a desired path within the remote video feed window 610, the user may specify the robot path 652 on the map 622 displayed in the map window 620. Specifying the robot path 652 in the plan view map window 620 may allow the robot 100 to navigate over longer distances, and thus may free the user to perform other tasks while the robot 100 is in transit. Various controls may also be provided in order to manipulate the zoom and displayed area of the map 622 shown in the map window 620. A desired zoom may be specified using slider 1210, and a desired area may be displayed using an area pan control 1212.

Accordingly, a non-technical user may be able to navigate from one location to another using any combination of the various navigation methods and controls. For example, in long-distance travel, a user may click a destination on a plan view map and the robot may autonomously navigate to the selected location. In mid-range travel, the user may select a destination in a video window of a location within the field of view of the robot. In close range travel, the user may manually control the robot's navigation path, rotations, head movements, and the like using a mouse, joystick, virtual joystick, or meta joystick.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary user interface 605 of the telepresence software application 601 having a maximized remote video feed window 610 displaying a remote navigation view 612 b that accepts hyper-tags 1310 and/or context sensitive commands selectable by the user. The user interface 605 includes the local video window 630 and the plan view map window 620 overlaid on the remote video feed window 610. In the example shown, the plan view map window 620 displays a three-dimensional (three-dimensional) map 622 c. The three-dimensional map 622 c may be utilized by the user to cause the robot 100 to navigate semi-autonomously to a selected robot destination 618 on the three-dimensional map 612 c. In some implementations, a virtual three-dimensional grid 1302 is displayed in the remote navigation view 612 b. Using a determined distortion between the plan view map 810 and the robot map 820, the telepresence software application 601 can determine the location of the floor surface 5 in the live video feed to overlay the three-dimensional map 622 c. The user may select a grid square 1304 as a robot destination 618 on the virtual grid 1302 in order to cause the robot 100 to autonomously navigate to the selected grid square 1304. The virtual three-dimensional grid 1302 may allow for improved precision in the positioning of the robot 100.

In the example shown, a variety of hyper-tags (tags) 1310 providing context-sensitive actions are displayed and made available to a user. The context-sensitive actions include an approach command 1312 and a follow command 1314. These context-sensitive actions may be generated upon the identification of a person 1330 within the field of view 322, 442, 452 of the robot 100. The user may invoke the approach command 1312 in order to position the robot 100 in front of the person 1330. The approach command 1312 may cause the execution of an approach behavior 512 a (FIG. 5) by the robot behavior system 510 a, whereby the robot 100 identifies the person 1330 using its sensor system 400 (e.g., using facial recognition) and drives to face the identified person 1330. The user may invoke the follow command 1314 to drive the robot 100 behind the person 1330 and follow at a three-feet distance. The follow command 1314 may cause the execution of a person follow behavior 512 b (FIG. 5) by the robot behavior system 510 a, whereby the robot 100 identifies the person 1330 using its sensor system 400 (e.g., using facial recognition) and drives to follow the identified person 1330. In some examples, the robot 100 may detect individuals within its field of view 322, 442, 452 using a facial recognition routine. A label 1340 may be displayed that identifies the individual. For example, the information may include name, title, occupation, address, business address, email address, web-page address, user notes, etc.

The telepresence software application 601 may determine a distortion between the displayed two-dimensional map 622 a and the first-person video feed captured by the robot camera 320. Determining such a distortion may include determining a coordinate transformation between the two-dimensional map and the three-dimensional “map.” When the user places a tag 662 and/or hyper-tag (which may comprise a tag) 1310 either on the remote view 612 of the remote video feed window 610 or on the two-dimensional map 622 a of the map window 620, the telepresence software application 601 may apply the distortion to tag map coordinates associated with the tag 662 and/or the hyper-tag 1310 to determine corresponding video coordinates or plan view map coordinates, respectively, and overlay a tag annotation associated with the tag 662 or hyper-tag 1310 on the displayed remote view 612 (i.e., first-person video feed) or the map 622, respectively, using the determined video or map view coordinates. In various embodiments, the three-dimensional rendition of the tag annotation may be dynamically re-rendered based on the current position of the remote telepresence robot and a perspective of the tag relative to the video feed. Accordingly, as the location of the robot and/or the perspective of the live video feed changes, such as when the head (upper portion) of the robot pans or tilts, the tag annotation may be dynamically re-rendered. For example, a tag annotation corresponding to a ramp may be overlaid in the video feed with respect to the floor. Similarly, a tag annotation associated with an object on a wall may be overlaid with respect to the object or the wall.

As described herein, the tag may include tag information comprising a robot action modifier. The tag may be interpreted by a robot operator, a local terminal, or the remote telepresence robot and cause the robot to execute a predetermined action. For example, the robot action modifier may direct a robot to not enter a specific area, to travel slow through a certain area, to travel fast through a certain area, to use extra caution, and/or to perform other actions. Tags in general may include any of a wide variety of information, such as an availability of a wireless communication signal, a speed the remote telepresence robot should travel, a location of a point of interest, a location of a person, a location of a docking station, a location of a rest area, a location of a glass wall, a location of a ramp, a location of an object, an optimal route to navigate a tight area, an optimal rout to navigate a congested area, and an action a remote telepresence robot should execute. The tag may be created by a user, automatically by a terminal, automatically by a robot, and/or in response to historical data collected by the terminal and/or robot.

The robot may include a tag identification system configured to identify tags having tag coordinates encountered along a navigation path. A robot may “encounter” a tag when the tag coordinates are within the local perceptual space of the robot and/or the tag coordinates are relevant to an objective, planned navigation path, or the planning of a navigation path. Accordingly, a tag identification system may “encounter” a tag along a navigation path, even if the robot is not yet in proximity and/or may never be in proximity to the tag coordinates of the tag.

A robot and/or remote terminal determining a navigation path for a robot may take into account tags or potential tags that could influence the navigation path. Accordingly, the tag identification system may be used to identify tags having tag coordinates projected to be along potential navigation paths during the determination of a navigation path. For instance, several potential navigation paths may be used to reach a desired destination and the selection of which navigation path will be used may depend on the tags relevant to each of the potential navigation paths. A robot selecting between multiple potential navigation paths may identify relevant tags in order to determine which navigation path would provide the best wireless connectivity. Other factors, such as ramps, elevators, distance, congestion, objects,

In the exemplary user interface 605 shown, the dashboard window 640 provides a battery charge status, a wireless signal strength indicator, and a robot outline having portions that may light up when service is required. An options window 690 allows the user to disconnect or dock the robot with a docking station and set software and/or robot options.

Referring to FIG. 14, in some implementations, while executing the person follow behavior 512 b, the robot 100 may detect, track, and follow a person 1330. Since the robot 100 can pan and tilt the head 160 using the neck 150, the robot 100 can orient the second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b to maintain a corresponding field of view 452 on the person 1330. Moreover, since the head 160 can move relatively more quickly than the base 120 (e.g., using the drive system 200), the head 160 (and the associated second three-dimensional image sensor 450 b) can track the person 1330 more quickly than by turning the robot 100 in place. The robot 100 can drive toward the person 1330 to keep the person 1330 within a threshold follow distance range DF (e.g., corresponding to a sensor field of view). In some examples, the robot 100 turns to face forward toward the person/user 1330 while tracking the person 1330. The robot 100 may use velocity commands and/or waypoint commands to follow the person 1330.

Additional details and features concerning person recognition and person following can be found in PCT application serial number PCT/US11/35488, filed on May 6, 2011, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate alternative three-dimensional maps 622 c and two-dimensional maps 622 a displayable in the plan view map window 620 that include hyper-tags 1310 associated with various information and that may be used to cause the robot to navigate autonomously to a particular destination. The hyper-tags 1310 may include information about various locations or information related to patients. A user may add labels 1502 or mark-ups 1504, such as personal notes, shared notes, sketches, drawings, etc. A robot location 1510 may also be identified. A user may specify a robot destination 1512, such as a nurse's station. The robot 100 may navigate autonomously to the specified robot destination 1512.

The telepresence software application 601 may display information on the remote video view 612 and/or a map 622, indicating physical areas of interest. For example, a small arrow with an attached bubble reading “Pharma” may indicate the location of the pharmacy room. Such a bubble could comprise a tag. For example, the tag could include tag coordinates indicating where the word “Pharma” should be displayed; tag information, such as relevant information related to the pharmacy; and a tag annotation, such as a graphical representation in two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional of the word “Pharma.” In some examples, the user can determine what information is available about nearby rooms by placing the mouse over or gesturing over that area, causing the display of any corresponding available information. With this information, the user can quickly choose to go to a destination (e.g., the pharmacy room) by selecting a robot destination 618 in the remote navigation view 612 b (FIG. 12).

For example, according to one example a robot or remote terminal could retrieve tag coordinates that correspond to tags associated with a robot map. Using the robot position, tags that are in close proximity to the robot may be identified. Tags within the field of view of the robot may be identified using the orientation of the robot's head (upper portion). The robot and/or remote terminal could then calculate a set of coordinates for all of the pixels on the video screen and render a tag annotation associated with each tag within the line of sight based on the position of the robot and the perspective provided by the robot's current head orientation (pan and/or tilt). According to some embodiments, Denavit-Hartenberg parameters (DH parameters) may be used as a standard coordinate system for spatial linkages between the video feed and the map plan view.

Referring again to FIG. 8E, the tagging view 660 of the user interface 605 allows the user to place tags 662 on a plan view map 810 to designate locations of interest and/or mark the plan view map 810 with information, such as obstacles, preferred robot travel routes, etc. Referring also to FIG. 13, the user may place hyper-tags 1310 on the remote navigation view 612 b to mark locations with context-sensitive information. The map data source 1620 may store the tagging and hyper-tag information (e.g., locations, tag identifiers, tag content) along with layout map and/or robot map information. As used herein, hyper-tags may be embodied as tags and use a similar data structure to tags, as described herein.

In addition or alternatively to allowing the user to place tags 662 and hyper-tags 1310 in the user interface 605, the user may enter user-specific hyper-tags 1310 during operation of the robot 100. The user may invoke a command that allows for the insertion of a hyper-tag 1310 at a current robot location. Another command may allow for the removal of the hyper-tag 1310. Further, other users (e.g., nurses) may be allowed to add hyper-tags 1310 that may be shown to a user of the robot 100. A “nurse map application” may display a top-down map or a tagging view 660 that allows placement of temporary hyper-tags 1310, for example, to identify rooms of interest to a doctor who may soon be logging in. Moreover, some hyper-tags 1310 may be user-specific and/or time-specific. For example, a stroke patient in a room may be showing signs of deterioration. The nurse can call up the “nurse map application,” find that room on the map and enter a hyper-tag 1310. The nurse may fill in a hyper-tag as follows: hyper-tag_name=“Stroke patient deteriorating,” user_specific=“Dr. Reynolds,” duration=1 hour. Thus, if Dr. Reynolds logs in within the next hour, he would see a hyper-tag 1310 associated with the patient's room on the map additionally indicating “Stroke patient deteriorating.” On approaching that wing, he may also see a hyper-tag 1310 pop up pointing to that room in the video stream, labeled “Stroke patient deteriorating.” No other doctor would see those labels, and Dr. Reynolds would only see them during that first hour.

A doctor may also set up temporary bookmark and reminder hyper-tags 1310, directly at a local or remote station interface 606, 608, to assist with his/her work plan. In some examples, the doctor may assign numbers to several patient rooms at the start of the session. Then during the session, he/she may see the numbers on the displayed map 622 and in popup hyper-tags 1310 to remind him/her of the order in which to visit the patients 614. The doctor may add notes which can be viewed through the remainder of the session or upon next returning, for example, “come back at end of session” on one patient, or “write prescription” or “check in again at 4 pm.”

Additionally, “smart” hyper-tags 1310 may be displayed automatically. For example, a nurse may enter photos of incoming patients 614 into a database (e.g., stored locally and/or on cloud storage 722) cross-referenced with their electronic medical record. The telepresence software application 601 may execute a face recognition algorithm on a video stream captured by the robot camera 320 to identify the patients 614, 1330, which can be cross-referenced to the database. Upon recognition of a patient's face, the telepresence software application 601 may automatically pull up and display the patient's electronic medical record.

Referring again to FIG. 14, in some implementations, each patient 614, 1330 receives a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip 497, such as on a wristband. The robot 100 may have an RFID reader 498 in communication with the controller 500 as part of its sensor system 400 to recognize nearby patients via the RFID chip. The telepresence software application 601 may display a corresponding hyper-tag when the patient comes within RFID range (e.g., six feet) of the robot 100. The hyper-tag 1310 may appear to be floating in the air, since RFID is not direction-specific. An alternative hybrid approach may use computer vision techniques to identify the existence of a patient 614, 1330 in the field of view 322 of the robot 100 by identifying a human face, and then assuming that the RFID match belongs to that patient and localizing the hyper-tag 1310 on the patient 614, 1330.

Referring to FIGS. 16A-16D, in some implementations, a robot system 1600 includes one or more telepresence robots 100 in communication with a bridge 602, which communicates with a local robot endpoint server 604 a and a remote endpoint server 604 b (e.g., such as the cloud computing service 720 (FIG. 7)). The local robot endpoint server 604 a communicates with a local technician computing device 606 and the remote endpoint server 604 b communicates with a remote operator computing device 608. The robot system 1600 also includes one or more data sources 1610 for storing sensor data received from the robot sensor system 400 and/or user interaction data, such as information obtained from the user through the web pad 310 and/or the user interface 605. In the example shown, the robot system 1600 includes at least one robot sensor data source 1610 a for storing sensor data and at least one head data source 1610 b for storing user interaction data. The data sources 1610 may reside on the robot 100, cloud storage 722 (FIG. 7), the local robot endpoint server 604 a and/or the remote endpoint server 604 b.

A map data source 1620, such as a database stored on the robot 100, cloud storage 722, the local robot endpoint server 604 a and/or the remote endpoint server 604 b, can store information for the plan view map 810, the robot map 820, tag 662 information, and/or hyper-tag 1310 information. The map data source 1620 may be a single database or combination of data sources 1610, such as the robot sensor data source 1610 a and the head data source 1610 b. The telepresence software application 601 and/or the robot 100 (e.g., the controller 500) may access the map data source 1620 to execute real-time or off-line concordance processing, provide user interface feedback, perform navigation routines, render maps 622, etc.

In some implementations, the control system 510 executing on the controller 500 of the robot 100 accesses one or more of the data sources 1610, such as the robot sensor data source 1610 a, the head data source 1610 b, and/or the map data source 1620 to issue events recognizable by the behavior system 510 a. In response to raised events, the behavior system 510 a may execute one or more behaviors 512 that affect the selection of a command executed by the resource control arbiter 560 on the robot resources 530 (FIG. 5). In the example shown in FIG. 16C, the robot control system 510 communicates with the map data source 1620 to access a concordance matrix/database, which may store concordance process information, such as real-time sensor/flag data 1622 a, operator commands 1622 b, local perceptual space data 1622 c (e.g., volumetric point cloud data received from a three-dimensional image sensor 450), occupancy bitmap data 1622 d (e.g., the robot map 820), floor plan data 1622 e (e.g., the plan view map 810), and an end-user tag table 1622 f (e.g., storing x, y, z coordinates and tag fields), and/or a robot behavior tag table 1622 g (e.g., storing x, y, z coordinates and tag fields). Referring also to FIG. 5, behaviors 512 of the behavior system 510 a may evaluate possible outcomes of robot actions based on raised events, such as sensor events from the sensor system 400 and tag events (e.g., which may mimic a sensor event) raised by placed tags 662, 1310 stored in the tag tables 1622 f, 1622 g. Accordingly, the action selection engine 580 may select a feasible robot action having the best outcome based on behavior evaluations. As a result, the robot 100 may autonomously operate in a manner that takes into account the tags 662, 1310 received by the telepresence software application 601.

Referring again to the ramp example shown in FIG. 11C, when the robot 100 approaches a ramp 1122, the robot control system 510 may perceive the ramp 1122 as an obstacle 1120, based on sensor signals received from the sensor system 400. In order to discern between a perceived obstacle 1120 a and an actual obstacle 1120 b, the control system 510 may need to access a common database, such as the map data source 1620, storing robot data and user data. Using the map data source 1620, the control system 510 can determine that the detected ramp 1122 is a perceived obstacle 1120 a, rather than an actual obstacle 1220 b. Moreover, the control system 510 may communicate with the telepresence software application 601 to receive a user input as to whether the user perceives the ramp 1122 as an actual obstacle 1120 b and/or to receive an alternative robot path 652 and/or an alternative robot destination 619. The telepresence software application 601 can use the map data source 1620 to resolve distortions between two-dimensional maps 622 a, 810 and three-dimensional maps 622 c, between live video feeds in the remote view 612 and two-dimensional and/or three-dimensional maps 622 a, 622 c to provide hybrid maps 622 b (FIG. 9B). Moreover, the telepresence software application 601 can use the map data source 1620 to render the look-ahead view 612 a in the plan view map window 620 (FIG. 10C).

Referring again to FIG. 12, in additional implementations, when the user selects a robot path 652 on one of the two-dimensional map 622 a, hybrid map 622 b, three-dimensional map 622 c, and the remote view 610, the telepresence software application 601 can use the map data source 1620 to resolve distortions between any of the maps 622 and the remote view 612 and apply the distortion to the selected robot path to determine a corresponding sequence of robot path map coordinates on the robot map 820 for use by the robot controller 500 when executing a drive command to the destination 618. Moreover, the telepresence software application 601 may apply the determined distortion(s) to resolve corresponding sequences of robot path coordinates for displaying the robot path 652 on any of the maps 622 and the remote view 612. The map data source 1620 may store the determined distortions and/or the sequences of robot path coordinates for displaying the robot path 652 on any of the maps 622 and the remote view 612.

Accordingly, it should be broadly understood that the term “distortion” as used herein relates to resolving spatial coordinate errors, differences of transformation from one coordinate system to another, including between coordinates systems of different dimensions. For example, a robot and/or remote terminal may determine a distortion between a two-dimensional plan view map and a two-dimensional map generated, at least in part, by a robot, such as those generated using various robot sensor or laser scans. Additionally, a robot and/or remote terminal may determine a distortion between a three-dimensional map or video feed and a two-dimensional plan view map. Moreover, determining a distortion may relate to transforming coordinates between first person views, third person views, plan view map views, hybrid map views, and/or between any two different coordinate systems or perspectives within the same coordinate system.

Referring again to FIG. 13, in some implementations, when the user places a tag 662 or hyper-tag 1310 on the plan view map 810 displayed as the map 622 in the map window, the telepresence software application 601 determines a user selected location on an electronic display displaying the map 622 and overlays an annotation associated with the tag 662, 1310 on the map 622. The telepresence software application 601 may also determine a distortion between the plan view map 810 and the remote view 610 (i.e., first-person video captured by the robot camera 320) and apply the distortion to coordinates of the tag 662, 1310 on the plan view map 810 to determine corresponding video coordinates of the remove view 610. A tag annotation associate with the tag 662, 1310 and stored by the map data source 1620 can be displayed by the telepresence software application 601 on the remote view 610 using the determined video coordinates.

Referring to FIG. 17, in some implementations, the user interface 605 provides an augmented overlay 1710, for example, in the remote video feed window 610 and/or the map window 620, that allows the user to visualize a position of the robot head 160 with respect to the robot base 120. The augmented overlay 1710 may allow the user to appreciate a current field of view 322, 442, 452, denoted by an arc 1720 in the example shown, of the robot sensor system 400 relative to a full 360 degrees field of view. This allows the user to make selections for rotation (e.g., of the head 160 and/or base 120) which are outside the current field of view 322, 442, 452.

The user may click within the zone defined by first and second rings 1722 and 1724 in order to rotate a virtual head 1728 to that point. As the user rotates the virtual had 1728, the robot head 160 may move in real time with the telepresence software application 601 updating the live video feed from the robot camera 320 displayed in the remote view 612 of the remote video feed window 610 in real time as well. In the example shown, the augmented overlay 1710 has a virtual base 1726 corresponding to the robot base 120 and a virtual head 1728 corresponding to the robot head 160 arranged at an angle/orientation with respect to the virtual base 1726 that corresponds to a current pose of the robot 100. In some examples, one of the virtual base 1726 and the virtual head 1728 is shown static while the other is free to move relative to the static one.

If the user clicks within the zone defined by the first and second rings 1722 and 1724 to rotate the head 1728 outside of the current field of view 1720, the robot 100 may rotate the head 160 and/or the base 120 in order to accomplish the user's command. In some examples, after rotating the head 160 according to the user command, the base 120 may rotate and the head 160 may then move to a center position. Such changes in position may be problematic if the user then attempts to reposition the robot 100 based on the previous rotation. To mitigate this, certain implementations may employ a system to reduce the requirement of base rotations in order to accommodate head rotations. For example, a counter may be initiated when the virtual head 1728 is turned to an angle. If the robot head 160 remains at that angle for a specified interval, the system may slowly rotate the base 120 in order to center the head 160 with respect to the base 120 while simultaneously rotating the head 160 in the opposite direction at the same speed. This keeps the current subject in view, while also ensuring that the head 160 and the base 120 are now in alignment and the forward frame of reference is dictated by where the user is looking. Further, if the user wishes to continue looking farther in that direction, the full panning range of motion of the head 160 is available.

FIG. 18 illustrates an exemplary sequence of robot events for responding to a user command, for example, in the telepresence software application 601. In an initial state, the robot 100 may receive a drive command to move from one location to another. The command may be operator-initiated, behavior-initiated (e.g., of a behavior executing on a control system of the controller), or planner-initiated (e.g., a pre-planned task or routine). In this example, the command includes a new heading for moving in an opposite direction to a new destination. In response to the command, the robot 100 may turn its head 160 (left or right) toward a panning limit. After reaching the panning limit, the robot 100 may rotate the base 120 (e.g., holonomically in place), to allow movement of the head 160 in order for the head to turn toward the new heading. The term “panning limit” may refer to a point when the upper portion of the robot cannot physically rotate anymore with respect to the lower portion of the robot, a point where the upper portion is misaligned with respect to the lower portion a predefined number of rotational degrees, and/or the term panning limit” may be a function of the number of degrees the upper portion is misaligned with respect to the lower portion and the length of time the upper portion has been misaligned with respect to the lower portion.

In some examples, the robot 100 continues to rotate the base 120, so that the forward drive direction F coincides with the new heading, thus providing the head 160 relatively equal left/right panning ability. As the robot 100 rotates the base, it may simultaneously rotate the head 160 so as to face the heading and optionally so that a field of view 322, 452 of a sensor 320, 450, 450 b on the head 160 can point along the new heading. In some implementations, the robot 100 turns the base 120 and the head 160 together, so as to allow the head 160 to face the new heading relatively quicker. If the base 120 over-rotates, the head 160 can counter-pan to recover alignment.

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary remote view 612 where the telepresence software application 601 overlays a screen indicator 1910 on the remote video feed received from the robot 100. The screen indicator 1910 may be displayed near a mouse cursor 1912 and may represent a current head range of motion. As the user moves the mouse cursor 1912 toward the left or right side of the remote video view 612 (with the probable intention of clicking to move the head to point there), the on screen indicator 1910 may be displayed above the cursor 1912 to indicate how much head motion remains in that direction (e.g., how much remaining range of motion of the head 160 is available).

A highlight box 1920 may highlight an area of interest within the remote video view 612. The user may create the highlight box 1920 around an area of interest on a portion of the remote video view 612, for example, by dragging and dropping a box onto the screen and/or by clicking and dragging open a box around the area of interest. In response, the telepresence software application 601 may cause the robot head 160 to move to center on the highlight box 1920. Moreover, the camera 320 may zoom in to match the dimensions of the highlight box 1920.

Referring to FIGS. 20A-20B, in some implementations, if the robot 100 unexpectedly loses communication connectivity (e.g., a loss of the wireless signal), the robot 100 may stop or continue driving to its destination. As a telepresence robot moves throughout an environment, communication may be disrupted, for example, as the robot 100 transitions between various wireless access points and/or encounters disruptions in the data transmission as a result of poor signal strength. By continuing to navigate autonomously, communication may be restored by the time the robot arrives at a desired destination.

When the robot 100 experiences a loss of communication connectivity, the robot 100 may refer to a last trusted localization/pose (e.g., stored locally by the controller 500) and/or a current determined localization/pose (e.g., based on the robot sensor system 400) to continue navigating to the destination. If the robot path is a planned path, the robot 100 may resume the planned path to the destination. On the other hand, if the user was teleoperating the robot 100 to the destination, the robot 100 may follow a planned path to a nearest/last trusted location having communication connectivity (e.g., radiofrequency and/or wireless). Alternatively, the robot 100 may drive along a shortest path (i.e., a new path) to a nearest/last trusted location having communication connectivity.

After reaching the nearest/last trusted location, the robot 100 may determine if communication connectivity has been reestablished and if so, whether the destination has been reached. If communication connectivity was not reestablished, the robot 100 may synchronize its video recordings (and any other sensor data of the sensor system 400) to move to a next trusted location stored by the controller 500. Moreover, if the destination has not been reached, but communication connectivity was reestablished, the controller 500 may execute safe harbor countermeasures, which may entail continuing recording sensor data and displaying a new robot-side user interface (e.g., on the web pad 310) indicating that the session was terminated due to loss of communication connectivity. The robot 100 may improve its connectivity recovery percentage by reassessing and/or executing path planning to move to the last trusted location (using ODOA). The robot 100 may also move its antennas 490 a, 490 b (FIGS. 2 and 4C) to possibly gain better communication reception. The robot 100 may use a mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), which is a self-configuring infrastructureless network of mobile devices connected by wireless links.

In some examples, the robot 100 may improve the integrity/accuracy of the robot map 820 by marking the location of lost communications and any location of reestablished communications. The robot 100 may use waypoint navigation to move to an area having known connectivity (e.g., a WLAN warm zone or high signal zone). Waypoints are sets of coordinates that identify a point in physical space. The robot 100 may use waypoints established on the robot map 820 to maneuver to the destination.

Additional safe harbor countermeasures may include planning a path to a nearest lowest traffic area or moving to a nearest charging/docking station based on the robot map 820. In some examples, the robot 100 may move toward another nearest robot 100, which may use multiple antennas 490 a, 490 b for multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) to act as a Wi-Fi bridge 602.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which may be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, software applications or code) include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and “computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device (e.g., magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer-readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computer-readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combination of one or more of them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or as a module, a component, a subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an ASIC.

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of a digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic disks, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer need not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, to name just a few. Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back end component, e.g., as a data server; that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server; or that includes a front end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described is this specification, or any combination of one or more such back end, middleware, or front end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (WAN), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of a client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations of the invention. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multi-tasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A telepresence robot comprising: a drive system configured to move the telepresence robot about a facility according to one or more drive instructions; a control system in communication with the drive system, the control system configured to generate the one or more drive instructions; an imaging system in communication with the control system; a mapping module in communication with the control system, the mapping module configured to access a map data source, the map data source comprising: a robot map of robot-navigable areas of the facility; at least one tag comprising: tag coordinates that identify a region within the robot-navigable areas of the facility, and a robot action modifier that provides instructions to a control system of the telepresence robot to execute a behavior when the telepresence robot is within a predetermined range of the tag coordinates of the region identified by the at least one tag; and a destination list including destination locations within the facility, each destination location comprising spatial coordinates locatable relative to the robot map; a positioning system in communication with the control system configured to provide positioning information associated with a current position; a communication system configured to provide a video feed from the imaging system to a remote terminal and receive control commands from the remote terminal, and wherein the control system is configured to generate the one or more drive instructions according to a control command received from the remote terminal, wherein the control command is generated by the remote terminal in response to a user input at the remote terminal; and a navigation system configured to generate a navigation path from the current position to a selected destination location, wherein the drive system moves the telepresence robot along the navigation path and, when the telepresence robot is within the predetermined range of the tag coordinates of a particular tag, the robot action modifier for the particular tag provides instructions to the control system of the telepresence robot to execute the behavior associated with the particular tag.
 2. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the user input includes selecting a movement of the telepresence robot from the current position to a destination location via one of a plurality of options on a single user interface, the plurality of options comprising: selecting a velocity-based control specifying a direction of the movement of the telepresence robot; selecting the destination location of the telepresence robot with respect to the destination list; and selecting the destination location of the telepresence robot with respect to the video feed.
 3. The telepresence robot of claim 1, further comprising: a plurality of sensors configured to identify obstacles in proximity to the telepresence robot; and an obstacle avoidance system in communication with the plurality of sensors and in communication with the control system, wherein the control system is further configured to generate additional drive instructions to avoid obstacles in proximity to the telepresence robot.
 4. The telepresence robot of claim 1, further comprising: a map generation system in communication with the control system, the map generation system configured to autonomously create the robot map, and wherein the control system generates drive instructions to cause the telepresence robot to move throughout the facility and obtain a plurality of measurements, and the map generation system uses the plurality of measurements to generate the robot map.
 5. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the control system is further configured to transmit coordinates relative to the robot map of a detected obstacle to the remote terminal via the communication system.
 6. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the control system is further configured to receive a navigation path from the current position on the robot map to a destination location on the robot map, and wherein the control system is further configured to generate drive instructions to cause the drive system to move the telepresence robot to the destination location based on the navigation path.
 7. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the communication system is configured to detect a disruption in communication between the telepresence robot and a remote terminal, and wherein the control system is further configured to continue to generate drive instructions to cause the telepresence robot to autonomously move to a destination location during the disruption in communication.
 8. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the region associated with the particular tag relates to at least one of a position, a path, and a volume, and wherein the control system is configured to execute an action relative to the at least one of the position, the path, and the volume.
 9. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the map data source is stored remotely, such that the mapping module is configured to access the map data source via the communication system.
 10. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the map data source is stored within the telepresence robot, such that the mapping module is configured to access an internal map data source.
 11. The telepresence robot of claim 10, wherein the internal map data source is synced with a remotely stored map data source.
 12. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the positioning system is further configured to provide a robot pose relative to the robot map.
 13. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the telepresence robot is configured to create a new tag by: associating tag coordinates describing a relative location of the new tag with respect to one of the robot map and the video feed generated by the imaging system; and associating tag information with the new tag.
 14. The telepresence robot of claim 13, wherein the new tag is created in response to the telepresence robot detecting an object in the video feed.
 15. The telepresence robot of claim 14, wherein the object is a person and the tag information of the new tag comprises identification information associated with the person.
 16. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the at least one tag indicates a driving hazard or obstacle to be avoided by telepresence robot.
 17. The telepresence robot of claim 16, wherein the driving hazard includes an area of having a glass wall, window, or door that that interferes with infrared proximity sensors of the telepresence robot.
 18. The telepresence robot of claim 16, wherein the driving hazard includes an area of relatively poor wireless signal reception compared to other areas represented by the robot map.
 19. The telepresence robot of claim 1, wherein the at least one tag indicates a robot aid usable by the telepresence robot.
 20. The telepresence robot of claim 19, wherein the robot aid corresponding to the at least one tag placed by a user includes one of a ramp and an autonomously navigable elevator. 